flat ribbon antenna launcher and methods for use with it

专利摘要:
Aspects of the present disclosure may include, for example, a launching device that includes a transmitter configured to generate a radio frequency signal in a microwave frequency band. a flat ribbon antenna is configured to release the radio frequency signal as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an outer surface of a transmission medium, wherein the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the outer surface of the transmission medium. without an electric return path. other modalities are revealed.
公开号:BR112019008373A2
申请号:R112019008373
申请日:2017-10-06
公开日:2019-10-01
发明作者:J Barnickel Donald；Barzegar Farhad；Gerszberg Irwin；Shala Henry Paul；Bennett Robert；M Willis Thomas Iii
申请人:At & T Ip I Lp；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

LAUNCHER WITH FLAT TAPE ANTENNA AND METHODS FOR USE WITH THE SAME
Inventors
Robert Bennett Irwin Gerszberg Paul Shala Henry Farhad Barzegar Donald J. Barnickel Thomas M. Willis, III
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This order claims priority over U.S. Order No. 15 / 334,903, filed on October 26, 2016. All sections of the aforementioned order are incorporated by reference in this document. wholeness.
Field of disclosure [0002] The disclosure under discussion refers to devices for launching and receiving guided wave communications.
BACKGROUND [0003] As smartphones and other portable devices become increasingly ubiquitous and data usage increases, existing macrocell base station and wireless infrastructure devices, in turn, require greater capacity of band to meet increased demand. To provide additional mobile bandwidth, small cell implantation is sought, with microcells and picocells providing coverage for areas much smaller than traditional macrocells.
[0004] In addition, most households and businesses have grown depending on access to broadband data for
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2/189 services such as voice, video and Internet browsing, etc. Broadband access networks include satellite, 4G or 5G wireless, power line, fiber, cable and telephone networks.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0005] Next, reference will be made to the attached drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and in which:
[0006] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a guided wave communications system in accordance with various aspects described herein.
[0007] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a transmission device in accordance with various aspects described herein.
[0008] FIG. 3 is a graphical diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of an electromagnetic field distribution in accordance with the various aspects described herein.
[0009] FIG. 4 is a graphical diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of an electromagnetic field distribution in accordance with the various aspects described herein.
[0010] FIG. 5A is a graphical diagram illustrating a non-limiting embodiment of an example of a frequency response in accordance with various aspects described herein.
[0011] FIG. 5B is a graphical diagram illustrating non-limiting modalities of example of a longitudinal cross-section of an isolated wire representing electromagnetic wave fields guided in several
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3/189 operating frequencies according to several aspects described here.
[0012] FIG. 6 is a graphic diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of an electromagnetic field distribution in accordance with the various aspects described herein.
[0013] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of an arc coupler according to various aspects described in the present document.
[0014] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of an arc coupler in accordance with various aspects described herein.
[0015] FIG. 9A is a block diagram illustrating an example non-limiting embodiment of a stub coupler according to various aspects described herein.
[0016] FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of an electromagnetic distribution in accordance with various aspects described herein.
[0017] FIGS. 10A and 10B are block diagrams illustrating non-limiting examples of couplers and transceivers in accordance with various aspects described herein.
[0018] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an example non-limiting embodiment of a double stub coupler according to various aspects described herein.
[0019] FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a repeater system in accordance with various aspects described herein.
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4/189 [0020] FIG. 13 illustrates a block diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a bidirectional repeater in accordance with various aspects described herein.
[0021] FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating an example non-limiting embodiment of a waveguide system in accordance with the various aspects described herein.
[0022] FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a guided wave communications system in accordance with various aspects described herein.
[0023] FIGS. 16A and 16B are block diagrams that illustrate an exemplary non-limiting modality of a system for managing a communication system in accordance with the various aspects described in this document.
[0024] FIG. 17A illustrates a flowchart of a non-limiting example of a method for the detection and mitigation of disturbances occurring in a communication network of the system of FIGs. 16A and 16B.
[0025] FIG. 17B illustrates a flowchart of a non-limiting example of a method for detecting and mitigating disturbances occurring in a communication network of the system of FIGs. 16A and 16B.
[0026] Figure 18A is a block diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting modality of a communication system according to several aspects described here.
[0027] FIG. 18B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a portion of the communication system of FIG. 18A in accordance with various aspects described in this document.
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5/189 [0028] FIGs. 18C to 18D are block diagrams illustrating exemplary non-limiting modalities of a communication node of the communication system of FIG. 18A in accordance with various aspects described in this document.
[0029] FIG. 19A is a graphic diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting modality of downlink and uplink communication techniques to enable a base station to communicate with communication nodes in accordance with various aspects described in this document.
[0030] FIG. 19B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting modality of a communication node in accordance with the various aspects described in this document.
[0031] FIG. 19C is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting modality of a communication node in accordance with the various aspects described in this document.
[0032] FIG. 19D is a graphic diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting modality of a frequency spectrum according to various aspects described in this document.
[0033] FIG. 19E is a graphic diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting modality of a frequency spectrum according to various aspects described in this document.
[0034] FIG. 19F is a graphic diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting modality of a frequency spectrum according to various aspects described in this document.
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6/189 [0035] FIG. 19G is a graphical diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting modality of a frequency spectrum according to various aspects described in this document.
[0036] FIG. 19H is a block diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting modality of a transmitter according to various aspects described in this document.
[0037] FIG. 191 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a receiver according to various aspects described in the present document.
[0038] FIG. 20A is an illustrated diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of coupler according to various aspects described in this document.
[0039] FIG. 20B is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of a guided wave communication system in accordance with the various aspects described in this document.
[0040] FIG. 20C is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of a circuit according to various aspects described in this document.
[0041] FIG. 20D is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of a guided wave communication system in accordance with various aspects described in this document.
[0042] FIG. 20E is an illustrated diagram of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a cross-sectional view of a top portion of a metal housing in accordance with various aspects described in the present document.
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7/189 [0043] FIG. 20F is a graphic diagram of an exemplifying non-limiting modality of a longitudinal view of an electromagnetic wave guided according to various aspects described in this document.
[0044] FIG. 20G is a graphic diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of a longitudinal view of an electromagnetic wave guided in accordance with the various aspects described in this document.
[0045] FIG. 20H is a graphic diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of an azimuthal view of an electromagnetic wave guided in accordance with various aspects described in this document.
[0046] FIG. 201 is a graphical diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of loss of propagation according to various aspects described in this document.
[0047] FIG. 20J is a graphical diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of loss of propagation in accordance with various aspects described in this document.
[0048] Figures 20K and 20L are illustrated diagrams of exemplary non-limiting modalities of a flat ribbon antenna according to various aspects described in this document.
[0049] FIG. 20M is an illustrated diagram of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a flat ribbon antenna according to the various aspects described in this document.
[0050] FIG. 20N is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a launching device in accordance with various aspects described in the present document.
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8/189 [0051] FIG. 200 is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of a guided wave launcher according to various aspects described in the present document.
[0052] Figure 20P illustrates a flowchart of a modality without an exemplary limitation of a method.
[0053] Figure 20Q illustrates a flowchart of a modality without an exemplary limitation of a method.
[0054] FIG. 21 is a block diagram of a non-limiting example of a computing environment in accordance with various aspects described in this document.
[0055] FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a non-limiting example of a mobile network platform in accordance with various aspects described in this document.
[0056] FIG. 23 is a block diagram of a non-limiting example of a communication device according to various aspects described in this document.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0057] One or more modalities are now described with reference to the drawings, in which the same reference numbers are used to refer to the same elements throughout the document. In the following description, for the purpose of explanation, numerous details are presented to provide a complete understanding of the various modalities. However, it is evident that the various modalities can be practiced without these details (and without application in any standard or environment in a particular network).
[0058] In one modality, a guided wave communication system for sending and receiving signals is presented
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9/189 of communication, such as data or other signaling via guided electromagnetic waves. Guided electromagnetic waves include, for example, surface waves or other electromagnetic waves that are connected to, or guided by, a transmission medium. It will be recognized that a variety of means of transmission can be used with guided wave communications without departing from the example modalities. Examples of such means of transmission may include one or more of the following, either alone or in one or more combinations: yarns, isolated or not, and monofilament or multifilament; conductors or other shapes or other configurations including wire bundles, cables, rods, rails, tubes; non-conductive, such as tubes, rods, dielectric gutters or other dielectric members; combinations of conductors and dielectric materials; or other means of guided wave transmission. [0059] The induction of guided electromagnetic waves in a transmission medium can be independent of any current, charge or electrical potential that is injected or transmitted through the transmission medium as part of an electrical circuit. For example, in the case where the transmission medium is a wire, it has to be recognized that although a small current in the wire may be formed in response to the propagation of the guided waves along the wire, this may be due to the propagation of the electromagnetic wave. along the surface of the wire, and is not formed in response to the current, charge, or electrical potential that is injected into the wire as part of an electrical circuit. Consequently, electromagnetic waves moving on the wire do not require a circuit to propagate along the surface of the wire. The thread is,
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10/189 thus, a single wire transmission line that is not part of a circuit. Likewise, in some embodiments, a wire is not required, and electromagnetic waves can propagate over a single-line transmission medium other than a wire.
[0060] More generally, guided electromagnetic waves or guided waves as described by the disclosure under discussion are affected by the presence of a physical object that constitutes at least a part of the transmission medium (eg, a bare wire or other conductor, a dielectric, an insulated wire, a conduit or other hollow element, a bundle of insulated wires that is covered, protected or surrounded by a dielectric or insulator or other bundle of wires, or other form of solid or non-liquid transmission medium gaseous) to be at least partially linked to, or guided by, the physical object and in order to propagate along a transmission path of the physical object. This physical object can operate as at least part of a transmission medium that guides, through an interface of the transmission medium (eg, an outer surface, inner surface, an inner portion between the outer and inner surfaces or another limit between elements of the transmission medium), the propagation of guided electromagnetic waves which, in turn, can carry energy, data and / or other signals along the transmission path from a sending device to a receiving device.
[0061] Contrary to the free space propagation of wireless signals, such as unguided (or unconnected) electromagnetic waves that decrease in intensity inversely by the square of the distance traveled by the waves
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11/189 unguided electromagnetic waves, guided electromagnetic waves can propagate over a transmission medium with less loss in magnitude per unit distance compared to that experienced by unguided electromagnetic waves.
[0062] An electrical circuit allows the propagation of electrical signals from a sending device to a receiving device via an electrical forward path and an electrical return path, respectively. These electrical advance and return paths can be implemented via two conductors, such as two wires or a single wire and a common ground that serves as a second conductor. In particular, the electrical current from the sending device (direct and / or alternating) flows through the electrical advance path and returns to the transmission source via the electrical return path as an opposite current. More particularly, the flow of electrons in a conductor that circulates away from the sending device returns to the receiving device in the opposite direction via a second conductor or ground. Contrary to electrical signals, guided electromagnetic waves can propagate through a transmission medium (eg, a bare conductor, an isolated conductor, a conduit, a non-conductive material, such as a dielectric strip, or any another type of object suitable for the propagation of surface waves) from a sending device to a receiving device or vice versa without requiring the transmission medium to be part of an electrical circuit (that is, without requiring a return path between the sending device and the receiving device. Although the
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12/189 electromagnetic waves can propagate in an open circuit, that is, a circuit without an electrical return path or with an interruption or an interval that prevents the flow of electrical current through the circuit, it is noted that electromagnetic waves can also spread propagate along a surface of a transmission medium that is actually part of an electrical circuit. That is, electromagnetic waves can move along a first surface of a transmission medium having an electrical forward path and / or along a second surface of a transmission medium having an electrical return path. As a consequence, guided electromagnetic waves can propagate along a surface of a transmission medium from a sending device to a receiving device or vice versa with or without an electrical circuit.
[0063] This allows, for example, the transmission of guided electromagnetic waves along a transmission medium having no conductive components (eg, a dielectric tape). This also allows, for example, the transmission of guided electromagnetic waves that propagate along a transmission medium having no more than a single conductor (eg, an electromagnetic wave that propagates along the surface of a single conductor bare or along the surface of a single isolated conductor or an electromagnetic wave that propagates totally or partially within the insulation of an isolated conductor). Even if a transmission medium includes one or more conductive components and the guided electromagnetic waves propagating along the transmission medium rotate currents that sometimes circulate in one or more conductive components
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13/189 in a direction of the guided electromagnetic waves, these guided electromagnetic waves can propagate along the transmission medium from a sending device to a receiving device without an opposite current flowing in an electrical return path back to the sending device from the receiving device. As a consequence, the propagation of these guided electromagnetic waves can be referred to as propagation via a single transmission line or propagation via a surface wave transmission line.
[0064] In an illustration without limitation, it is considered a coaxial cable having a central conductor and an earthed shield that are separated by an insulator. Typically, in an electrical system, a first terminal of a sending (and receiving) device can be connected to the central conductor, and a second terminal of a sending (and receiving) device can be connected to the grounded shield. If the sending device injects an electrical signal into the central conductor via the first terminal, the electrical signal will propagate along the central conductor, sometimes causing direct currents and a corresponding flow of electrons in the central conductor and return currents and an opposite flow of electrons in the grounded shield. The same conditions apply to a two-terminal receiving device.
[0065] In contrast, it is considered a guided wave communication system, as described in the disclosure under discussion, which can use different modalities of a transmission medium (including, among others, a coaxial cable) for the transmission and reception of waves guided electromagnetic waves without an electrical circuit (ie
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14/189 without an electrical advance path or electrical return path depending on your perspective). In one embodiment, for example, the guided wave communication system of the disclosure under discussion can be configured to induce guided electromagnetic waves that propagate along an outer surface of a coaxial cable (eg, the outer jacket or the insulation layer of the coaxial cable). Although guided electromagnetic waves cause direct currents in the grounded shield, guided electromagnetic waves do not require return currents in the center conductor to allow the propagation of guided electromagnetic waves along the outer surface of the coaxial cable. In other words, although the guided electromagnetic waves cause direct currents in the grounded shield, the guided electromagnetic waves will not generate opposite return currents in the central conductor (or other electrical return path). The same can be said of other means of transmission used by a guided wave communication system for the transmission and reception of guided electromagnetic waves. For example, guided electromagnetic waves induced by the guided wave communication system on an outer surface of a bare conductor, or an isolated conductor, can propagate along the outer surface of the bare conductor or the other surface of the isolated conductor without generating currents return paths on an electrical return path. As another point of differentiation, when most of the signal energy in an electrical circuit is induced by the flow of electrons in the conductors themselves, the guided electromagnetic waves propagating in a system of
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15/189 guided wave communication on an outer surface of a bare conductor causes only minimal direct currents in the bare conductor, with the majority of the signal energy from the electromagnetic wave concentrated above the bare conductor's outer surface and not within the bare conductor. In addition, the guided electromagnetic waves that are connected to the outer surface of an isolated conductor cause only minimal direct currents in the central conductor or conductors of the isolated conductor, with the majority of the electromagnetic wave signal energy concentrated in regions within the insulation and / or above the outer surface of the isolated conductor - in other words, most of the energy of the electromagnetic wave signal is concentrated outside the central conductor (s) of the isolated conductor.
[0066] Consequently, electrical systems that require two or more conductors to carry direct and reverse currents on separate conductors to allow the propagation of electrical signals injected by a sending device are distinct from guided wave systems that induce guided electromagnetic waves in a interface of a transmission medium without the need for an electrical circuit to allow the propagation of guided electromagnetic waves along the interface of the transmission medium.
[0067] It is further noted that guided electromagnetic waves, as described in the disclosure under discussion, may have an electromagnetic field structure that is essentially or substantially outside a transmission medium, in order to be connected to, or guided by, transmission medium and in order to propagate non-trivial distances in, or along
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16/189 of, an outer surface of the transmission medium. In other embodiments, guided electromagnetic waves may have an electromagnetic field structure that is essentially or substantially within a transmission medium, in order to be connected to, or guided by, the transmission medium and in order to propagate distances not within the transmission medium. In other embodiments, the guided electromagnetic waves may have an electromagnetic field structure that is partly inside and partly outside a transmission medium, in order to be connected to, or guided by, the transmission medium and in order to propagate non-trivial distances along the transmission medium. The desired electronic field structure in a modality may vary based on a variety of factors, including the desired transmission distance, the characteristics of the transmission medium itself and the environmental conditions / characteristics outside the transmission medium (eg, presence of rain, fog, weather conditions, etc.).
[0068] It is further observed that the guided wave systems as described in the present disclosure also differ from fiber optic systems. The guided wave systems of the present disclosure can induce guided electromagnetic waves at an interface of a transmission medium constructed of an opaque material (for example, a dielectric cable made of polyethylene) or a material that is otherwise resistant to wave transmission of light (for example, a non-insulated lead wire or an insulated lead wire) that allows the propagation of guided electromagnetic waves along the media interface
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17/189 transmission over non-trivial distances. Fiber optic systems in contrast cannot work with a transmission medium that is opaque or otherwise resistant to the transmission of light waves.
[0069] Several modalities described in this document relate to coupling devices, which can be referred to as waveguide coupling devices, waveguide couplers or more simply as couplers, coupling devices or launchers for launching and / or extraction of guided electromagnetic waves from and to a transmission medium at millimeter wave frequencies (eg, 30 to 300 GHz), where the wavelength may be short compared to one or more dimensions of the coupling device and / or transmission medium, such as the circumference of a wire or other cross-sectional dimension, or lower microwave frequencies, such as 300 MHz to 30 GHz. Transmissions can be generated to propagate as waves guided by a coupling device, such as: a ribbon, a bow or other length of dielectric material; a horn, monopole, rod, groove or other antenna; an antenna system; a magnetic resonant cavity or other resonant coupler; a coil, ribbon line, waveguide or other coupling device. In operation, the coupling device receives an electromagnetic wave from a transmitter or transmission medium. The electromagnetic field structure of the electromagnetic wave can be transported inside the coupling device, outside the coupling device or some combination
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18/189 of them. When the coupling device is close to a transmission medium, at least a portion of an electromagnetic wave is coupled to, or connected to, the transmission medium, and continues to propagate as guided electromagnetic waves. Conversely, a coupling device can extract guided waves from a transmission medium and transfer those electromagnetic waves to a receiver.
[0070] According to an example modality, a surface wave is a type of guided wave that is guided by a surface of a transmission medium, such as an outer or outer surface of the wire, or another surface of the wire that either adjacent to or exposed to another type of medium having different properties (eg, dielectric properties). In fact, in an example modality, a
surface of guiding wire a surface wave can represent a surface transitional in between two types many different in means. Per example, in case of a thread bare or not isolated, the surface of the wire can it will be
outer or outer conductive surface of bare or insulated wire that is exposed to air or free space. As another example, in the case of insulated wire, the surface of the wire may be the conductive portion of the wire that intersects with the insulating portion of the wire, or it may be the insulating surface of the wire that is exposed to air or free space or it can then be any region of material between the insulating surface of the wire and the conductive portion of the wire that intersects with the insulating portion of the wire, depending on the relative differences in the properties (eg, dielectric properties) of the insulator,
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19/189 air, and / or the conductor and also dependent on the frequency and the mode or modes of propagation of the guided wave.
[0071] According to an example embodiment, the term around a wire or other transmission medium used in conjunction with a guided wave may include fundamental guided wave propagation modes, such as a guided wave having a distribution of circular or substantially circular field, a symmetrical electromagnetic field distribution (eg, electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetic field, etc.) or another pattern in a fundamental way, at least partially around a wire or other means of streaming. In addition, when a guided wave propagates around a wire or other transmission medium, it can do so according to a guided wave propagation mode that includes not only the fundamental wave propagation modes (e.g. g., zero order modes) , but also additionally or alternatively no fundamental wave propagation modes, such as wave modes guided higher order (p. g., modes I ^to order, second order modes, etc. .), asymmetric modes and / or other guided waves (eg surface) that have non-circular field distributions around a wire or other transmission medium. As used herein, the term guided wave mode refers to a guided wave propagation mode of a transmission medium, coupling device or other system component of a guided wave communication system.
[0072] For example, these non-circular field distributions can be unilateral or multilateral with one or more axial shoulders characterized by field strength
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20/189 relatively higher and / or one or more zeros or null regions characterized by relatively low field strength, zero field strength or substantially zero field strength. In addition, the field distribution can then vary as a function of an azimuthal orientation around the wire so that one or more angular regions around the wire have an electric or magnetic field strength (or combination thereof) that is greater than one or more other angular regions of azimuth orientation, according to an example embodiment. It will be recognized that the relative orientations or positions of the higher order modes or asymmetric guided wave modes may vary as the guided wave moves along the wire.
[0073] As used in this document, the term millimeter wave can refer to electromagnetic waves / signals that are within the frequency range of millimeter wave from 30 GHz to 300 GHz. The term microwave can refer to waves / electromagnetic signals that are within a microwave frequency range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. The term radio frequency or RF can refer to electromagnetic waves / signals that are within the 10 kHz to 1 radio frequency band THz. It is recognized that wireless signals, electrical signals and guided electromagnetic waves as described in the disclosure under discussion can be configured to operate in any desirable frequency range, such as frequencies within, above or below wave frequency bands millimeter and / or microwave. In particular, when a coupling device or transmission means includes a conductive element, the frequency of the electromagnetic waves
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Guided 21/189 that are carried by the coupling device and / or propagate along the transmission medium may be less than the average frequency of electron collision on the conductive element. Furthermore, the frequency of the guided electromagnetic waves that are carried by the coupling device and / or propagate along the transmission medium can be a non-optical frequency, e.g. ex. a radio frequency below the optical frequency range that starts at 1 THz.
[0074] As used in this document, the term antenna can refer to a device that is part of a transmission or reception system for transmitting / radiating or receiving wireless signals.
[0075] According to one or more modalities, a launch device includes a transmitter configured to generate a radio frequency signal in a transmission medium, in which the transmitter is included in a launch circuit with the transmission medium that has an electrical return path. A cylindrical coupler launches the radio frequency signal from a hole in the cylindrical coupler as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an outer surface of the transmission medium, where the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the outer surface of the medium transmission without an electrical return path.
[0076] According to one or more embodiments, a launching device includes a cylindrical coupler that surrounds a portion of a transmission medium. A microfiche antenna is configured to radiate a radio frequency signal within the cylindrical coupler. The cylindrical coupler launches
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22/189 the radio frequency signal from a hole in the cylindrical coupler as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of the transmission medium, and in which the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the external surface of the medium transmission without an electrical return path.
[0077] According to one or more modalities, a method includes generating a radio frequency signal in a transmission medium via a launch circuit that includes the transmission medium, in which the launch circuit includes a path of electrical return; and launch the radio frequency signal from a hole in a cylindrical coupler as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of the transmission medium, where the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the external surface of the transmission medium. transmission without an electrical return path.
[0078] According to one or more embodiments, a launching device includes circuit means for generating a radio frequency signal in a transmission medium, wherein the circuit means includes an electrical circuit with the transmission medium that has an electrical return path and coaxial coupling means for launching the radio frequency signal from a hole in the coaxial coupling means as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of the transmission medium, where the electromagnetic wave The guided path propagates along the outer surface of the transmission medium without an electrical return path.
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23/189 [0079] According to one or more modalities, a launching device includes a transmitter configured to generate a radio frequency signal in a microwave frequency band. A flat ribbon antenna is configured to launch the radio frequency signal as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an outer surface of a transmission medium, where the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the outer surface of the transmission medium without an electrical return path.
[0080] According to one or more modalities, a launching device includes means of transmitter to generate a radio frequency signal. Flat ribbon media send the radio frequency signal as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an outer surface of a transmission medium, and in which the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the outer surface of the transmission medium without a path electric return.
[0081] According to one or more modalities, a method includes generating a radio frequency signal; and launching the radio frequency signal via a flat ribbon antenna as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of the transmission medium, where the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the external surface of the transmission medium without an electrical return path.
[0082] In relation now to FIG. 1, a block diagram 100 showing an example non-limiting embodiment of a guided wave communications system is shown. In operation, a transmission device 101 receives one or more communication signals 110 from a communication network or
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24/189 another communications device that includes data and generates guided waves 120 to conduct data via the transmission medium 125 to the transmission device 102. The transmission device 102 receives the guided waves 120 and converts them into communication 112 that includes data for transmission to a communications network or other communications device. Guided waves 120 can be modulated to conduct data via a modulation technique, such as phase shift switching, frequency shift switching, quadrature amplitude modulation, amplitude modulation,
modulation of multiple carriers, how put example multiplexing by division in frequency orthogonal and via multiple techniques in access, how put example multiplexing by division in frequency , multiplexing by
time division, code division multiplexing, multiplexing via different wave propagation modes and via other modulation and access strategies.
[0083] The communication network or networks may include a wireless communication network, such as a mobile data network, a cellular data and voice network, a wireless local area network (eg, WiFi network or 802.xx), a satellite communications network, a personal area network, or other wireless network. The communication network or networks may also include a wired communication network, such as a telephone network, an Ethernet network, a local area network, a wide area network, such as the Internet, an access network broadband, a cable network, a fiber optic network or another wired network. The
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25/189 communication devices may include a network edge device, a bridge device or a home gateway, a digital converter, a broadband modem, a telephone adapter, an access point, a base station or other fixed communication device, a mobile communication device, such as an automotive or automobile connection port, laptop, tablet, smartphone, cell phone or other communication device.
[0084] In an example embodiment, the guided wave communication system 100 can operate in a bidirectional manner where the transmission device 102 receives one or more communication signals 112 from a network or communication device that includes other data and generates guided waves 122 to conduct the other data via the transmission medium 125 to the transmission device 101. In this mode of operation, the transmission device 101 receives the guided waves 122 and converts them into communication signals 110 that include the others data for transmission to a network or communications device. Guided waves 122 can be modulated to conduct data via a modulation technique, such as phase shift switching, frequency shift switching, quadrature amplitude modulation, amplitude modulation, multiple carrier modulation, such as example orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and using multiple access techniques, such as frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, code division multiplexing, wave propagation modes multiplexing
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26/189 and through other modulation and access strategies.
[0085] The transmission means 125 may include a cable having at least an inner portion surrounded by a dielectric material, such as an insulator or other dielectric protection, cover or other dielectric material, the dielectric material having an outer surface and a circumference corresponding. In an example embodiment, transmission means 125 operates as a single wire transmission line to guide the transmission of an electromagnetic wave. When the transmission means 125 is implemented as a single wire transmission system, it can include a wire. The yarn can be insulated or non-insulated and monofilament or multifilament (eg braided). In other embodiments, the transmission medium 125 may contain conductors of other shapes or configurations including bundles of wires, cables, rods, rails, tubes. In addition, the transmission means 125 may include non-conductors, such as tubes, rods, dielectric gutters or other dielectric members; combinations of conductors and dielectric materials, conductors without dielectric materials or other means of guided wave transmission. It should be noted that the transmission means 125 can then include any of the previously discussed means of transmission.
[0086] Furthermore, as previously discussed, guided waves 120 and 122 can be contrasted with radio transmissions in free space / air or conventional propagation of power or electrical signals through the conductor of a wire via an electrical circuit. In addition to the propagation of guided waves 120 and 122, the transmission medium 125 can
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27/189 optionally contain one or more wires that propagate electrical power or other communication signals in a conventional manner as part of one or more electrical circuits.
[0087] In relation now to FIG. 2, a block diagram 200 showing an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a transmission device is shown. The transmission device 101 or 102 includes a communications interface (I / F) 205, a transceiver 210 and a coupler 220.
[0088] In an operation example, the communications interface 205 receives a communication signal 110 or 112 that includes data. In various embodiments, the communications interface 205 may include a wireless interface for receiving a wireless communication signal according to a standard wireless protocol, such as LTE or another cellular voice and data protocol, a WiFi protocol or 802.11, WIMAX protocol, Ultra-Broadband protocol, Bluetooth protocol, Zigbee protocol, a direct broadcast satellite (DBS - Direct Broadcast Satellite) or other satellite communication protocol or other wireless protocol. In addition or as an alternative, the communications interface 205 includes a wired interface that operates according to an Ethernet protocol, USB protocol (Universal Serial Bus), a cable data service interface specification protocol (DOCSIS - Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification), a digital subscriber line protocol (DSL - Digital Subscriber Line), a Firewire protocol (IEEE 1394) or another wired protocol. In addition to standards-based protocols, the 205 communications interface can operate in conjunction with another wired or wireless protocol. In addition, the
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28/189 communications 205 can optionally operate in conjunction with a protocol stack that includes multiple protocol layers including a MAC protocol, a transport protocol, an application protocol, etc.
[0089] In an example of operation, transceiver 210 generates an electromagnetic wave based on the communication signal 110 or 112 to conduct the data. The electromagnetic wave has at least one carrier frequency and at least one corresponding wavelength. The carrier frequency can be within a millimeter wave frequency band from 30 GHz to 300 GHz, such as 60 GHz, or a carrier frequency in the range 30 to 40 GHz or a lower frequency band of 300 MHz at 30 GHz in the microwave frequency range, such as 26 to 30 GHz, 11 GHz, 6 GHz or 3 GHz, but it will be recognized that other carrier frequencies in other modalities are possible. In one mode of operation, transceiver 210 merely converts communications signal or signals 110 or 112 to a higher value for transmitting the electromagnetic signal in the microwave wave or millimeter wave as a guided electromagnetic wave that is guided by, or turned on ao, transmission medium 125. In another mode of operation, the communications interface 205 either converts the communication signal 110 or 112 into a baseband or near-baseband signal or extracts the data from the 110 or 112 communication signal , and transceiver 210 modulates a high frequency carrier with the data, the baseband or near-baseband signal for transmission. It should be recognized that transceiver 210 can modulate the data received via communication signal 110 or 112 to preserve one or more data communication protocols
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29/189 of the communication signal 110 or 112, either by encapsulation in the payload of a different protocol, or by simple frequency shift. Alternatively, transceiver 210 can then translate the data received via communication signal 110 or 112 to a protocol that is different from the data communication protocol or protocols of communication signal 110 or 112.
[0090] In an example of operation, coupler 220 couples the electromagnetic wave in the transmission medium 125 as a guided electromagnetic wave to conduct the 110 or 112 communications signal or signals. Although the previous description has focused on the operation of transceiver 210 as a transmitter, transceiver 210 can also operate to receive electromagnetic waves that conduct other data from the single wire transmission medium via coupler 220 and to generate communications signals 110 or 112 via communications interface 205 which includes the others Dice. The modalities where an additional guided electromagnetic wave conducts other data that also propagates along the transmission medium 125 must be considered. Coupler 220 can also couple that additional electromagnetic wave from transmission medium 125 to transceiver 210 for reception.
[0091] The transmission device 101 or 102 includes an optional training controller 230. In an example embodiment, the training controller 230 is implemented by a stand-alone processor or a processor that is shared with one or more other components of the training device. 101 or 102. Training controller 230 selects carrier frequencies,
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30/189 modulation and / or guided wave modes for guided electromagnetic waves based on feedback data received by transceiver 210 from at least one remote transmitting device coupled to receive the guided electromagnetic wave.
[0092] In an example embodiment, a guided electromagnetic wave transmitted by a remote transmission device 101 or 102 carries data that is also propagated along the transmission medium 125. Data from the remote transmission device 101 or 102 can be generated to include feedback data. In operation, coupler 220 also couples the guided electromagnetic wave of the transmission medium 125 and the transceiver receives the electromagnetic wave and processes the electromagnetic wave to extract the feedback data.
[0093] In an example embodiment, the training controller 230 operates based on the feedback data to evaluate a plurality of candidate frequencies, modulation schemes and / or transmission modes to select a carrier frequency, a modulation scheme and / or a transmission mode to improve performance, such as throughput, signal strength, and reduce loss of propagation, etc.
[0094] The following examples should be considered: a transmission device 101 begins operation under the control of training controller 230 by sending a plurality of guided waves as test signals, such as pilot waves or other test signals, in a plurality corresponding candidate frequencies and / or candidate modes directed to a transmission device
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31/189 remote 102 coupled to the transmission medium 125. Guided waves may include, in addition or alternatively, test data. The test data can indicate the frequency and / or the wave mode that guides particular candidates of the signal. In one embodiment, the training controller 230 on the remote transmission device 102 receives the test signals and / or test data from any of the guided waves that have been properly received and determines the best candidate frequency and / or guided wave mode , a group of acceptable candidate frequencies and / or guided wave modes, or an ordering classification of candidate frequencies and / or guided wave modes. This selection of candidate frequency (s) and / or guided mode (s) is generated by the training controller 230 based on one or more optimization criteria, such as received signal strength, error rate bit rate, packet error rate, signal-to-noise ratio, loss of propagation, etc. The training controller 230 generates feedback data that indicates the selection of the candidate guided frequency (s) and / or mode (s) and sends the feedback data to transceiver 210 for transmission to the transmission device 101. The Transmission device 101 and 102 can then communicate data to each other based on the selection of candidate frequency (s) and / or guided wave mode (s).
[0095] In other modalities, the guided electromagnetic waves containing the test signals and / or test data are reflected again, repeated again or returned (looped back) by the remote transmission device 102 to the transmission device 101 for reception and analysis by device 230 training controller
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32/189 of transmission 101 that started these waves. For example, the transmission device 101 can send a signal to the remote transmission device 102 to initiate a test mode where a physical reflector is connected to the line, a termination impedance is changed to cause reflections, a loopback mode is connected to reattach electromagnetic waves to the source transmission device 102, and / or a repeater mode is activated to amplify and retransmit the electromagnetic waves back to the source transmission device 102. Training controller 230 on the source transmission device 102 receives the test signals and / or test data from any of the guided waves that have been properly received and determines the selection of candidate (s) frequency (s) and / or guided wave mode (s).
[0096] Although the above procedure has been described in a start-up or start-up operation mode, each transmission device 101 or 102 can send test signals, evaluate candidate frequencies or guided wave modes via non-test, such as example normal transmissions, or else evaluate frequencies or guided wave modes candidates equally at other times or continuously. In an example embodiment, the communication protocol between transmission devices 101 and 102 may include an on-demand or periodic test mode where complete tests or more limited tests of a subgroup of frequencies and guided wave modes candidates are tested and evaluated . In other modes of operation, re-entry into this test mode can be triggered by a performance degradation due to disturbance, weather conditions,
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33/189 etc. In an example embodiment, the receiver bandwidth of transceiver 210 is either large enough or scanned to receive all candidate frequencies or can be selectively adjusted by training controller 230 to a training mode where the receiver's bandwidth of the transceiver 210 is large enough or scanned to receive all candidate frequencies.
[0097] In relation now to FIG. 3, a graphic diagram 300 is shown illustrating a non-limiting example of an electromagnetic field distribution. In this embodiment, an air transmission means 125 includes an internal conductor 301 and an insulating casing 302 of dielectric material, as shown in cross section. Diagram 300 includes different gray scales that represent different electromagnetic field forces generated by the propagation of the guided wave having an asymmetric and non-fundamental guided wave mode.
[0098] In particular, the electromagnetic field distribution corresponds to a better modal location that improves the propagation of guided electromagnetic waves over an isolated transmission medium and reduces the loss of point-to-point transmission. In this particular mode, the electromagnetic waves are guided by the transmission medium 125 to propagate along an outer surface of the transmission medium, in this case, the outer surface of the insulating housing 302. The electromagnetic waves are partially incorporated in the insulator and radiate partially on the outer surface of the insulator. In this way, the electromagnetic waves are lightly coupled to the insulator in order to allow wave propagation
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34/189 electromagnetic over long distances with low loss of propagation.
[0100] As shown, the guided wave has a field structure that is essentially or substantially outside the transmission medium 125 that serves to guide the electromagnetic waves. The regions inside the conductor 301 have little or no field. Likewise, the regions within the insulating housing 302 have low field strength. The majority of the electromagnetic field strength is distributed in the lugs 304 on the outer surface of the insulating shell 302 and close to it. The presence of an asymmetric guided wave mode is shown by the high electromagnetic field forces at the top and bottom of the outer surface of the insulating enclosure 302 (in the diagram orientation), as opposed to very small field forces on the other sides of the insulating enclosure 302.
[0101] The example shown corresponds to a 38 GHz electromagnetic wave guided by a wire with a diameter of 1.1 cm and dielectric insulation with a thickness of 0.36 cm. Since the electromagnetic wave is guided by the transmission medium 125 and most of the field strength is concentrated in the air outside the insulating shell 302 within a limited distance from the outer surface, the guided wave can propagate longitudinally through the transmission medium 125 with a very low loss. In the example shown, this limited distance corresponds to a distance from the outer surface that is less than half the largest cross-sectional dimension of the transmission medium 125. In this case, the largest cross-sectional dimension of the wire corresponds to the overall diameter of 1.82 cm, however, this
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35/189 value may vary with the size and shape of the transmission medium 125. For example, if the transmission medium 125 has a rectangular shape with a height of 0.3 cm and a width 0.4 cm, the dimension in section the longest transversal would be the diagonal of 0.5 cm and the corresponding limited distance would be 0.25 cm. The dimensions of the area containing most of the field strength vary equally with the frequency and, in general, increase as the carrier frequencies decrease.
[0102] Also, it should be noted that the components of a guided wave communication system, such as couplers and transmission means, may have their own cutoff frequencies for each guided wave mode. The cutoff frequency generally has the lowest frequency at which a particular guided wave mode is designed to be supported by that particular component. In an example embodiment, the particular asymmetric mode of propagation shown is induced in the transmission medium 125 by an electromagnetic wave having a frequency that is within a limited range (such as for example Fc to 2Fc) of the lowest cutoff frequency Fc for that particular asymmetric mode. The lower cut-off frequency Fc is particular to the characteristics of the transmission medium 125. For embodiments, as shown, which include an inner conductor 301 surrounded by an insulating shell 302, this cut-off frequency can vary based on the dimensions and properties of the shell insulation 302 and potentially the dimensions and properties of the inner conductor 301 and can be determined experimentally to have a desired pattern. However, it should be noted that they can be found
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36/189 similar effects for a hollow insulator or dielectric without an inner conductor. In this case, the cut-off frequency may vary based on the dimensions and properties of the hollow insulator or dielectric.
[0103] At frequencies lower than the lower cutoff frequency, the asymmetric mode is difficult to induce in the transmission medium 125 and cannot propagate over all distances, except trivial ones. As the frequency increases above the limited range of frequencies around the cutoff frequency, the asymmetric mode moves further and further into the insulating housing 302. At frequencies much higher than the cutoff frequency, the field strength stops be concentrated outside the insulating enclosure, but essentially inside the insulating enclosure 302. Although the transmission medium 125 provides strong orientation to the electromagnetic wave and propagation is still possible, the ranges are more limited by larger losses due to propagation within the insulating casing 302, as opposed to the surrounding air.
[0104] Referring now to FIG. 4, a graphic diagram 400 is shown illustrating a non-limiting example of an electromagnetic field distribution. In particular, a cross-sectional diagram 400 similar to FIG. 3 with common reference numbers used to refer to similar elements. The example shown corresponds to a 60 GHz wave guided by a wire with a diameter of 1.1 cm and a dielectric insulation with a thickness of 0.36 cm. Since the frequency of the guided wave is above the limited cutoff frequency of that particular asymmetric way, much of the field strength
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37/189 moved into the insulating housing 302. In particular, the field strength is concentrated essentially within the insulating housing 302. Although the transmission medium 125 provides strong orientation to the electromagnetic wave and propagation is still possible, the ranges are more limited when compared to the embodiment of FIG. 3, for greater losses due to propagation inside the insulating housing 302.
[0105] Referring now to FIG. 5A, a graphic diagram showing a non-limiting example of a frequency response is shown. In particular, diagram 500 presents a point-to-point loss graph (in dB) as a frequency function, superimposed by electromagnetic field distributions 510, 520 and 530 at three points for an isolated 200 cm average voltage wire . The limit between the insulator and the surrounding air is represented by the reference number 525 in each electromagnetic field distribution.
[0106] As discussed in conjunction with FIG. 3, an example of a desired asymmetrical mode of propagation shown is induced in the transmission medium 125 by an electromagnetic wave having a frequency that is within a limited range (such as for example Fc at 2Fc) of the lowest cutting power Fc of the transmission medium for that particular asymmetric mode. In particular, the 520 to 6 GHz electromagnetic field distribution is found in this best modal location that improves the electromagnetic wave propagation over an isolated transmission medium and reduces the loss of point-to-point transmission. In this particular mode, the guided waves are partially incorporated into the insulator and partially irradiate on the outer surface of the insulator.
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38/189
In this way, the electromagnetic waves are lightly coupled to the insulator in order to allow the propagation of guided electromagnetic waves over long distances with low loss of propagation.
[0107] At lower frequencies represented by the 510 to 3 GHz electromagnetic field distribution, the asymmetric mode radiates more strongly, generating greater propagation losses. At higher frequencies represented by the 530 to 9 GHz electromagnetic field distribution, the asymmetric mode moves more and more into the insulating housing, providing too much absorption, again generating greater propagation losses.
[0108] Referring now to FIG. 5B, a graphical diagram 550 is shown illustrating non-limiting modalities of example of a longitudinal cross-section of a transmission medium 125, such as an isolated wire, representing fields of guided electromagnetic waves at various operating frequencies. As shown in diagram 556, when the guided electromagnetic waves are approximately at the cutoff frequency (f _c ) corresponding to the best modal location, the guided electromagnetic waves are loosely coupled to the insulated wire, so that absorption is reduced, and the fields guided electromagnetic waves are switched on sufficiently to reduce the amount radiated into the environment (eg air). Since the absorption and radiation of the fields of the guided electromagnetic waves are low, the propagation losses are consequently low, allowing the propagation of guided electromagnetic waves over greater distances.
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39/189 [0109] As shown in diagram 554, propagation losses increase when an operating frequency of the guided electromagnetic waves increases above about twice the cutoff frequency (f _c ) or, as noted, above the range of the best place. More of the electromagnetic wave field strength is triggered inside the insulating layer, increasing propagation losses. At frequencies much higher than the cutoff frequency (f _c ), the guided electromagnetic waves are strongly linked to the insulated wire as a result of the fields emitted by the guided electromagnetic waves being concentrated in the insulation layer of the wire, as shown in diagram 552. this in turn further increases the propagation losses due to the absorption of electromagnetic waves guided by the insulation layer. Similarly, propagation losses increase when the operating frequency of the guided electromagnetic waves is substantially below the cutoff frequency (f _c ), as shown in diagram 558. At frequencies much lower than the cutoff frequency (f _c ), guided electromagnetic waves are weakly (or nominally) connected to the insulated wire and therefore tend to radiate into the environment (eg, air), which in turn increases propagation losses due to the radiation from the guided electromagnetic waves.
[0110] In relation now to FIG. 6, a graphical diagram 600 is shown illustrating a non-limiting example of an electromagnetic field distribution. In this embodiment, a transmission medium 602 is a bare wire as shown in cross section. Diagram 300 includes different gray scales that represent field forces
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40/189 different electromagnetic waves generated by the propagation of a guided wave having a symmetrical and fundamental guided wave mode on a single carrier frequency.
[0111] In this particular mode, the electromagnetic waves are guided by the transmission medium 602 to propagate along an outer surface of the transmission medium, in this case, the outer surface of the bare wire. Electromagnetic waves are lightly coupled to the wire in order to allow electromagnetic wave propagation over long distances with low loss of propagation. As shown, the guided wave has a field structure that lies substantially outside the transmission medium 602 which serves to guide the electromagnetic waves. The regions inside the conductor 602 have little or no field.
[0112] In relation now to FIG. 7, a block diagram 700 is shown illustrating a non-limiting example of an arc coupler. In particular, a coupling device for use in a transmission device, such as a transmission device 101 or 102 shown in conjunction with FIG. 1. The coupling device includes an arc coupler 704 coupled to a transmitting circuit 712 and termination or damper 714. The arc coupler 704 can be made of a dielectric material, or another low loss insulator (eg, Teflon , polyethylene, etc.), or made of a conductive material (eg metallic, non-metallic, etc.) or any combination of the above materials. As shown, the arc coupler 704 operates as a waveguide and has a 706 wave propagating as a guided wave around a waveguide surface of the 704 arc coupler.
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41/189 embodiment shown, at least a portion of the arc coupler 704 can be placed next to a wire 702 or other transmission medium (such as transmission medium 125), in order to facilitate the coupling between the arc coupler 704 and wire 702 or other transmission means, as described herein, to launch guided wave 708 onto the wire. The arc coupler 704 can be placed so that a portion of the curved arc coupler 704 is tangential and parallel or substantially parallel to the wire 702. The arc coupler portion 704 parallel to the wire can be a corner of the curve or any point where a tangent of the curve is parallel to wire 702. When arc coupler 704 is so positioned or placed, wave 706 moving along arc coupler 704 engages, at least in part, with wire 702 and propagates as guided wave 708 around or around the surface of wire 702 and longitudinally along wire 702. guided wave 708 can be characterized as a surface wave or other electromagnetic wave that is guided by, or connected to, wire 702 or other transmission medium.
[0113] A portion of wave 706 that is not coupled to wire 702 propagates as a wave 710 along arc coupler 704. It will be recognized that arc coupler 704 can be configured and arranged in a variety of positions with respect to wire 702 to achieve a desired level of coupling or non-coupling of wave 706 on wire 702. For example, the curvature and / or the length of arc coupler 704 that is parallel or substantially parallel, as well as its separation distance (which can include zero separation distance in one embodiment), wire 702 may vary without departing from the example embodiments. Likewise, the
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42/189 arrangement of arc coupler 704 in relation to wire 702 may vary based on considerations of the respective intrinsic characteristics (eg, thickness, composition, electromagnetic properties, etc.) of wire 702 and arc coupler 704, as well as the characteristics (eg frequency, energy level, etc.) of 706 and 708 waves.
[0114] Guided wave 708 remains parallel or substantially parallel to wire 702, even while wire 702 bends and folds. Curves in wire 702 can increase transmission losses, which are also dependent on wire diameters, frequency and materials. If the dimensions of the arc coupler 704 are chosen for efficient power transfer, most of the power on wave 706 is transferred to wire 702, with little power remaining on wave 710. It will be recognized that the guided wave 708 may still have a multimodal nature (discussed here), including having modes that are non-fundamental or asymmetric, while moving along a path parallel or substantially parallel to wire 702, with or without a fundamental transmission mode. In one embodiment, non-fundamental or asymmetric modes can be used to minimize transmission losses and / or obtain greater propagation distances.
[0115] It is noted that the term parallel is generally a geometric construction that is often not exactly achievable in real systems. Accordingly, the term parallel as used in the discussion under discussion represents an approximation rather than an exact configuration when used to describe modalities revealed in the discussion under discussion. In a modality, substantially parallel can
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43/189 include approximations that are within 30 degrees of true parallelism in all dimensions.
[0116] In one mode, the 706 wave can display one or more wave propagation modes. The arc coupler modes can be dependent on the shape and / or design of the 704 coupler. One or more 706 arc coupler modes can generate, influence or affect one or more wave propagation modes of the guided wave 708 propagating along of wire 702. However, it should be particularly noted that the guided wave modes present in the guided wave 706 may be the same or different from the guided wave modes of the guided wave 708. In this way, one or more guided wave modes of the guided wave 706 may not be transferred to the guided wave 708, and one or more supplementary guided wave modes of the guided wave 708 may not have been present in the guided wave 706. Also, it should be noted that the cutoff frequency of the arc coupler 704 for a particular guided wave mode may be different from the cutoff frequency of wire 702 or another transmission medium for that same mode. For example, although wire 702 or another transmission medium can be operated slightly above its cutoff frequency for a particular guided wave mode, arc coupler 704 can be operated well above its cutoff frequency for that same mode for low loss, slightly below its cutoff frequency for that same mode to, for example, induce greater coupling and power transfer, or some other point in relation to the arc coupler cutoff frequency for that mode.
[0117] In one embodiment, the wave propagation modes on wire 702 can be similar to arc coupler modes,
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44/189 since both waves 706 and 708 propagate around the outside of arc coupler 704 and wire 702, respectively. In some embodiments, as the 706 wave engages the wire 702, the modes can change shape, or new modes can be created or generated due to the coupling between the arc coupler 704 and the wire 702. For example, differences in size, material and / or impedances of the arc coupler 704 and wire 702 can create additional modes not present in the arc coupler modes and / or suppress some of the arc coupler modes. The wave propagation modes can comprise the fundamental transverse electromagnetic mode (Quasi-TEMoo), where only small electric and / or magnetic fields extend in the direction of propagation, and the electric and magnetic fields extend radially outward while the guided wave propagates along the wire. This guided wave mode can have a threaded shape, where there are some of the electromagnetic fields inside the arc coupler 704 or the wire 702.
[0118] Waves 70 6 and 708 can comprise a fundamental TEM mode where the fields extend radially outward and also comprise other non-fundamental modes (eg, asymmetric, top level, etc.). Although the particular wave propagation modes are discussed above, other wave propagation modes are also possible, such as transverse electric (TE Transverse Electric) and transverse magnetic (TM Transverse Magnetic) modes, based on the frequencies employed, in the design of the arc coupler 704, in the dimensions and composition of the wire 702, as well as in its surface characteristics, its insulation, if present, properties
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45/189 electromagnetic from the surrounding environment, etc. It should be noted that, depending on the frequency, the electrical and physical characteristics of the 702 wire and the particular wave propagation modes that are generated, the guided wave 708 can move along the conductive surface of an oxidized uninsulated wire, a wire uninsulated unoxidized, an insulated wire and / or along the insulating surface of an insulated wire.
[0119] In one embodiment, the diameter of the arc coupler 704 is less than the diameter of the wire 702. For the millimeter band wavelength used, the arc coupler 704 supports a unique waveguide mode that constitutes the wave 706. This single waveguide mode may change as it is coupled to wire 702 as a guided wave 708. If the arc coupler 704 were larger, it would be possible to support more than one waveguide mode, but these guide modes Additional waveforms may not be coupled to wire 702 as efficiently and greater coupling losses may occur. However, in some alternative embodiments, the diameter of the arc coupler 704 may be equal to or greater than the diameter of the wire 702, for example, when larger coupling losses are desirable or when they are used in conjunction with other techniques to then reduce losses coupling (eg adapting tapered impedances, etc.).
[0120] In one embodiment, the wavelength of waves 706 and 708 is comparable in size or less to a circumference of the arc coupler 704 and the wire 702. In one example, if the wire 702 has a diameter of 0.5 cm and a corresponding circumference of about 1.5 cm, the transmission wavelength is about 1.5 cm or
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46/189 less, corresponding to a frequency of 70 GHz or higher. In another embodiment, a suitable frequency of transmission and carrier wave signal is in the range of 30 to 100 GHz, possibly about 30 to 60 GHz and about 38 GHz in one example. In one embodiment, when the circumference of the arc coupler 704 and the wire 702 is comparable in size to, or greater than, a transmission wavelength, waves 706 and 708 can exhibit multiple wave propagation modes including fundamental and / or non-fundamental (symmetrical and / or asymmetric) that propagate over sufficient distances to support the various communication systems described here. Consequently, waves 706 and 708 can comprise more than one type of electric and magnetic field configuration. In one embodiment, as the guided wave 708 travels over the wire 702, the electrical and magnetic field settings will remain the same from one end of the other to the wire 702. In other modalities, as the guided wave 708 encounters interference ( distortion or obstructions) or lose energy due to transmission or dispersion losses, the electric and magnetic field configurations may change as the guided wave 708 travels over wire 702.
[0121] In one embodiment, the 704 arc coupler can be composed of nylon, Teflon, polyethylene, a polyamide or other plastics. In other embodiments, other dielectric materials are possible. The surface of the wire 702 can be metallic with a bare metal surface or can be insulated using plastic, dielectric, insulator or other covering, wrapping or capping. In one embodiment, a dielectric or otherwise non-conductive / insulated waveguide can
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47/189 be paired with bare / metallic wire or insulated wire. In other embodiments, a metallic waveguide and / or conductor can be paired with a bare / metallic wire or insulated wire. In one embodiment, an oxidation layer on the bare metal surface of wire 702 (eg, resulting from exposure of the bare metal surface to oxygen / air) can also provide insulating or dielectric properties similar to those provided by some insulators or coverings.
[0122] It is noted that the graphical representations of the 706, 708 and 710 waves are presented merely to illustrate the principles that the 706 wave induces or else launches a 708 guided wave on a 702 wire that operates, for example, as a line of single wire transmission. Wave 710 represents the portion of wave 706 that remains in the arc coupler 704 after the generation of the guided wave 708. The effective electric and magnetic fields generated as a result of this wave propagation may vary depending on the frequencies employed, the mode or modes of particular wave propagation, the design of the arc coupler 704, the dimensions and composition of the wire 702, as well as its surface characteristics, its optional insulation, the electromagnetic properties of the surrounding environment, etc.
[0123] It is noted that the arc coupler 704 may include a termination circuit or damper 714 at the end of the arc coupler 704 that can absorb radiation or remaining energy from wave 710. The termination circuit or damper 714 can prevent and / or minimize the remaining radiation from wave 710 reflecting back to the transmitting circuit 712. In one embodiment, the
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48/189 termination or damper 714 may include terminating resistors and / or other components that effect impedance adaptation to attenuate reflection. In some embodiments, if the coupling efficiencies are high enough and / or the wave 710 is small enough, it may not be necessary to use a 714 terminating or damping circuit. For simplicity, these 712 transmitting and terminating or damping circuits 714 may not be represented in the other figures, but in these embodiments, transmitting and terminating circuits or dampers may possibly be used.
[0124] Furthermore, although a single arc coupler 704 is generated that generates a single guided wave 708, multiple arc couplers 704 placed at different points along wire 702 and / or in different azimuth orientations around the wire can be employed to generate and receive multiple guided waves 708 at the same or different frequencies, at the same or different phases and in the same or different wave propagation modes.
[0125] In FIG. 8, a block diagram 800 is shown illustrating a non-limiting example of an arc coupler. In the embodiment shown, at least a portion of the coupler 704 can be placed next to a wire 702 or other transmission medium (such as transmission medium 125), in order to facilitate the coupling between the arc coupler 704 and the wire 702 or other transmission means, to extract a portion of the guided wave 806 as a guided wave 808 as described herein. The arc coupler 704 can be placed so that a portion of the curved arc coupler 704 is tangential and parallel or substantially
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49/189 parallel to wire 702. The arc coupler portion 704 parallel to the wire can be a corner of the curve or any point where a tangent to the curve is parallel to wire 702. When the arc coupler 704 is so positioned or placed, wave 806 moving along wire 702 engages, at least in part, with arc coupler 704 and propagates as a guided wave 808 along arc coupler 704 to a receiving device (not expressly shown). A portion of wave 806 that does not engage the arc coupler propagates as wave 810 along wire 702 or another transmission medium.
[0126] In one mode, wave 806 can display one or more wave propagation modes. The arc coupler modes can be dependent on the shape and / or design of the coupler 704. One or more guided wave modes 806 can generate, influence or affect one or more guide wave modes of the guided wave 808 propagating along the coupler arc 704. However, it should be particularly noted that the guided wave modes present in the guided wave 806 may be the same or different from the guided wave modes in the guided wave 808. In this way, one or more guided wave modes in the guided wave 806 they may not be transferred to the guided wave 808, and one or more supplementary guided wave modes of the guided wave 808 may not have been present in the guided wave 806.
[0127] In relation now to FIG. 9A, a block diagram 900 showing an example non-limiting embodiment of a stub coupler is shown. In particular, a coupling device is provided which includes a stub coupler 904 for use in a transmission device, such as a transmission device 101 or 102
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50/189 shown in conjunction with FIG. 1. The 904 stub coupler can be made of a dielectric material, or other low loss insulator (eg, Teflon, polyethylene, etc.), or made of a conductive material (eg, metallic, non metallic, etc.) or any combination of the aforementioned materials. As shown, the stub coupler 904 operates as a waveguide and has a 906 wave propagating as a guided wave around a waveguide surface of the 904 stub coupler. In the embodiment shown, at least a portion of the coupler stub 904 can be placed next to a wire 702 or other transmission medium (such as transmission medium 125), in order to facilitate the coupling between stub coupler 904 and wire 702 or another transmission medium, as here described to launch the guided wave 908 on the wire.
[0128] In one embodiment, the stub coupler 904 is curved, and one end of the stub coupler 904 can be tied, attached or mechanically attached to a 702 wire. When the end of the stub coupler 904 is attached to the 702 wire , the end of the stub coupler 904 is parallel or substantially parallel to the wire 702. Alternatively, another portion of the dielectric waveguide in addition to one end can be fixed or coupled to the wire 702 so that the fixed or coupled portion is parallel or substantially parallel to wire 702. Fastener 910 may be a nylon cable retainer or other type of non-conductive / dielectric material that is either separated from stub coupler 904 or constructed as an integrated component of stub coupler 904. The coupler of stub 904 can be adjacent to wire 702 without surrounding wire 702.
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51/189 [0129] As the arc coupler 704 described in conjunction with FIG. 7, when the stub coupler 904 is placed with the end parallel to the wire 702, the guided wave 906 moving along the stub coupler 904 is coupled to the wire 702 and propagates as a guided wave 908 around the surface of the wire 702 In an example embodiment, the guided wave 908 can be characterized by a surface wave or another electromagnetic wave.
[0130] It is noted that the graphic representations of waves 906 and 908 are presented merely to illustrate the principles that wave 906 induces or launches a guided wave 908 on a wire 702 that operates, for example, as a transmission line of single wire. The effective electric and magnetic fields generated as a result of this wave propagation can vary depending on one or more between the shape and / or design of the coupler, the relative position of the dielectric waveguide in relation to the wire, the frequencies used, the design of the stub coupler 904, the dimensions and composition of wire 702, as well as its surface characteristics, its optional insulation, the electromagnetic properties of the surrounding environment, etc.
[0131] In one embodiment, a stub coupler end 904 can taper towards wire 702 to increase coupling efficiencies. In fact, the tapering end of the 904 stub coupler can provide impedance adaptation to wire 702 and reduce reflections, according to an example embodiment of the disclosure under discussion. For example, one end of the 904 stub coupler may gradually taper to obtain a desired level of
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52/189 coupling between waves 906 and 908 as illustrated in FIG. 9A.
[0132] In one embodiment, holder 910 can be placed so that there is a short length of stub coupler 904 between holder 910 and one end of stub coupler 904. Maximum coupling efficiencies are realized in that embodiment when the length the end of the stub coupler 904 which is beyond the fastener 910 has at least several long wavelengths for whatever frequency is being transmitted.
[0133] Moving now to FIG. 9B, a diagram 950 is shown illustrating a non-limiting example of an electromagnetic distribution in accordance with various aspects described herein. In particular, an electromagnetic distribution in two dimensions is presented for a transmission device that includes the coupler 952, shown in an example stub coupler constructed of a dielectric material. Coupler 952 engages an electromagnetic wave for propagation as a guided wave along an outer surface of a wire 702 or other transmission medium.
[0134] Coupler 952 guides the electromagnetic wave to an xo junction via a symmetrical guided wave mode. Although some of the energy from the electromagnetic wave that travels along the coupler 952 is outside the coupler 952, most of the energy from that electromagnetic wave is contained within the coupler 952. The xo junction couples the electromagnetic wave to wire 702 or other means transmission at an azimuth angle corresponding to the bottom
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53/189 of the transmission medium. This coupling induces an electromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along the outer surface of wire 702 or other transmission medium via at least one wave mode guided in the 956 direction. Most of the energy of the guided electromagnetic wave is outside or, but close to, the outer surface of wire 702 or other means of transmission. In the example shown, the x-junction forms an electromagnetic wave that propagates both in a symmetrical way and at least in an asymmetric surface mode, such as for example the first order mode presented together with FIG. 3, which slides on the surface of the wire 702 or other means of transmission.
[0135] It is noted that the graphical representations of guided waves are presented merely to illustrate an example of propagation and guided wave coupling. The effective electric and magnetic fields generated as a result of this wave propagation may vary depending on the frequencies employed, the design and / or configuration of the 952 coupler, the dimensions and composition of the wire 702 or other means of transmission, as well as their characteristics surface, its insulation, if present, the electromagnetic properties of the surrounding environment, etc.
[0136] Moving now to FIG. 10A, a block diagram 1000 of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a coupling and transceiver system is illustrated in accordance with various aspects described herein. The system is an example of a transmission device 101 or 102. In particular, communication interface 1008 is an example of communication interface 205, stub coupler 1002 is an example of
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54/189 coupler 220, and the transmitter / receiver device 1006, the diplexer 1016, the power amplifier 1014, the low noise amplifier 1018, the frequency mixers 1010 and 1020 and the local oscillator 1012 collectively form an example of transceiver 210 .
[0137] In operation, the transmitter / receiver device 1006 launches and receives waves (eg, guided wave 1004 on stub coupler 1002). Guided waves 1004 can be used to carry signals received from and sent to a host device, a base station, mobile devices, a building or other device via a communications interface 1008. The communications interface 1008 can be a part of member of system 1000. Alternatively, communications interface 1008 can be linked to system 1000. Communications interface 1008 may comprise a wireless interface for interacting with the host device, base station, mobile devices, a building or another device using any of the various wireless signaling protocols (eg, LTE, WiFi, WiMAX, IEEE 802.xx, etc.) including an infrared protocol, such as an infrared data association protocol (IrDA - Infrared Data Association) or other optical line of sight protocol. The communications interface 1008 can also comprise a wired interface, such as a fiber optic line, a coaxial cable, a twisted pair, a category 5 cable (CAT-5) or other wired or optical media suitable for communication with the host device, the base station, mobile devices, a building or other device via a protocol, such as an Ethernet protocol, protocol
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55/189
Universal Serial Bus (USB), a cable data service interface specification protocol (DOCSIS), a digital subscriber line protocol (DSL), a Firewire protocol (IEEE 1394), or another wired or optical protocol. For modalities where the system 1000 functions as a repeater, the communication interface 1008 may not be necessary.
[0138] The output signals (eg, Tx) of the communication interface 1008 can be combined with a carrier wave (eg, millimeter wave carrier wave) generated by a local oscillator 1012 in the frequency mixer 1010 The frequency mixer 1010 can use heterodination techniques or other frequency displacement techniques to shift the frequency of the output signals from the communications interface 1008. For example, the signals sent to and from the communications interface 1008 can be modulated signals. , such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexed signals (OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed) formatted according to a Long-Term Evolution wireless protocol (LTE) or other 3G, 4G voice and data protocol , 5G or higher wireless, a Zigbee, WIMAX, Ultra-Broadband or IEEE 802.11 wireless protocol; a wired protocol, such as an Ethernet protocol, a USB (Universal Serial Bus) protocol, a cable data service interface specification protocol (DOCSIS), a digital subscriber line protocol (DSL), a protocol Firewire (IEEE 1394) or other wired or wireless protocol. In an example modality, this frequency conversion can be done in the analog domain and, as a result, the frequency shift can be done without considering
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56/189 the type of communications protocol used by a base station, mobile devices or devices in the building. As new communications technologies are developed, the 1008 communications interface can be upgraded (eg, updated with software, firmware and / or hardware) or replaced, and the transmission and frequency shift device can remain, simplifying updates. The carrier wave can then be sent to a power amplifier (PA - Power Amplifier) 1014 and can be transmitted via the transmitter / receiver device 1006 via the diplexer 1016.
[0139] The signals received from the transmitter / receiver device 1006 that are routed to the communications interface 1008 can be separated from other signals via the 1016 diplexer. The received signal can then be sent to the low noise amplifier (LNA Low Noise Amplifier ) 1018 for amplification. A frequency mixer 1020, with the help of the local oscillator 1012, can reduce the received signal (found in the millimeter wave band or around 38 GHz in some modalities) to the native frequency. The communications interface 1008 can then receive the transmission on an input port (Rx).
[0140] In one embodiment, the transmitter / receiver device 1006 may include a cylindrical or non-cylindrical metal (which, for example, may be hollow in one embodiment, but not necessarily drawn to scale), or another conductive waveguide or not conductor and one end of stub coupler 1002 can be placed on or near the waveguide or transmitter / receiver device 1006,
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57/189 so that when the transmitter / receiver device 1006 generates a transmission, the guided wave is coupled to the stub coupler 1002 and propagates as a guided wave 1004 around the waveguide surface of the stub coupler 1002. In in some embodiments, the guided wave 1004 may propagate partly on the outer surface of stub coupler 1002 and partly within the stub coupler 1002. In other embodiments, the guided wave 1004 can propagate substantially or completely on the outer surface of the coupler stub 1002. In still other embodiments, the guided wave 1004 can propagate substantially or completely within the stub coupler 1002. In the latter embodiment, the guided wave 1004 can radiate at one end of the stub coupler 1002 (such as for example the tapered end shown in Figure 4) for coupling to a transmission medium, such as a wire 702 of FIG. 7. Similarly, if the guided wave 1004 is arriving (coupled to the stub coupler 1002 from a wire 702), the guided wave 1004 then enters the transmitter / receiver device 1006 and is coupled to the cylindrical waveguide or the conductive waveguide . Although the transmitter / receiver device 1006 is shown including a separate waveguide, antenna, cavity resonator, klystron, magnetron, progressive wave tube or other irradiation element can be employed to induce a guided wave in the coupler 1002, with or without the separate waveguide.
[0141] In one embodiment, stub coupler 1002 can be constructed entirely of a dielectric material (or other suitable insulating material), without any materials
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58/189 metallic or conductive in it. The stub coupler 1002 can be composed of nylon, Teflon, polyethylene, a polyamide, other plastics or other materials that are non-conductive and are suitable to facilitate the transmission of electromagnetic waves at least in part on an outer surface of these materials. In another embodiment, stub coupler 1002 may include a core that is conductive / metallic and have an outer dielectric surface. Similarly, a transmission medium that is coupled to the stub coupler 1002 to propagate electromagnetic waves induced by the stub coupler 1002 or to provide electromagnetic waves to the stub conductor 1002 can, in addition to being a bare or insulated wire, be constructed entirely of a dielectric material (or other suitable insulating material), without any metallic or conductive materials in it.
[0142] It is noted that, although FIG. 10A show that the opening of the transmitting / receiving device 1006 is much larger than the stub coupler 1002, this is not to scale, and in other embodiments the width of the stub coupler 1002 is comparable to or slightly smaller than the opening of the hollow wave. Likewise, this is not shown, but in one embodiment, one end of the coupler 1002 that is inserted into the transmitter / receiver device 1006 tapers downward to reduce reflection and increase coupling efficiencies.
[0143] Before coupling to stub coupler 1002, one or more waveguide modes of the guided wave generated by the transmitter / receiver device 1006 can be coupled to stub coupler 1002 to induce one or more modes of
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59/189 guided wave wave propagation 1004. The wave propagation modes of the guided wave 1004 may be different from the hollow metal waveguide modes due to the different characteristics of the hollow metal waveguide and the dielectric waveguide . For example, the wave propagation modes of the guided wave 1004 may comprise the fundamental transverse electromagnetic mode (Quasi-TEMoo), where only small electric and / or magnetic fields extend in the direction of propagation, and the electric and magnetic fields extend radially outwardly from stub coupler 1002 while guided waves propagate along stub coupler 1002. The fundamental transverse electromagnetic mode wave propagation mode may or may not exist within a hollow waveguide. Accordingly, the hollow metal waveguide modes that are used by the transmitter / receiver device 1006 are waveguide modes that can be coupled effectively and efficiently in the wave propagation modes of the stub coupler 1002.
[0144] It will be recognized that other constructions or combinations of the transmitter / receiver device 1006 and stub coupler 1002 are possible. For example, a stub coupler 1002 'can be placed tangentially or parallel (with or without a gap) with respect to a outer surface of the hollow metal waveguide of the transmitter / receiver device 1006 '(corresponding circuitry not shown) as represented by reference 1000' of Figure 10B. In another embodiment, not shown by reference 1000 ', the stub coupler 1002' can be placed inside the hollow metal waveguide of the transmitter / receiver device 1006 'without an axis of the stub coupler 1002' being
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60/189 coaxially aligned with a hollow metal waveguide axis of the transmitter / receiver device 1006 '. In any of these embodiments, the guided wave generated by the transmitter / receiver device 1006 'can be coupled to a surface of the stub coupler 1002' to induce one or more wave propagation modes of the guided wave 1004 'in the stub coupler 1002' including a fundamental mode (eg, a symmetrical mode) and / or a non-fundamental mode (eg, asymmetric mode).
[0145] In one embodiment, the guided wave 1004 'can propagate partly on the outer surface of stub coupler 1002' and partly on the inside of stub coupler 1002 '. In another embodiment, the guided wave 1004 'can propagate substantially or completely on the outer surface of stub coupler 1002'. In still other embodiments, the guided wave 1004 'can propagate substantially or completely within the stub coupler 1002'. In the latter embodiment, the guided wave 1004 'can radiate at one end of the stub coupler 1002' (such as the tapered end shown in FIG. 9) for coupling to a transmission medium, such as a wire 702 of FIG . 9.
[0146] It will be further recognized that other constructions of the transmitter / receiver device 1006 are possible. For example, a hollow metal waveguide of a transmitter / receiver device 1006 '' (corresponding circuitry not shown), shown in FIG. 10B as reference 1000 '', can be placed tangentially or parallel (with or without a gap) in relation to an outer surface of a transmission medium, such as
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61/189 example the wire 702 of FIG. 4 without the use of stub coupler 1002. In this embodiment, the guided wave generated by the transmitter / receiver device 1006 '' can be coupled to a surface of the wire 702 to induce one or more wave propagation modes of a guided wave 908 in the wire 702 including a fundamental mode (eg, a symmetrical mode) and / or a non-fundamental mode (eg, asymmetric mode). In another embodiment, wire 702 can be positioned within a hollow metal waveguide of a 1006 '' transmitter / receiver device (corresponding circuitry not shown) so that an axis of wire 702 is coaxially (or not coaxially) aligned with a hollow metal waveguide axis without using the stub coupler 1002, see FIG. 10B reference 1000 '' '. In this embodiment, the guided wave generated by the transmitting / receiving device 1006 '' can be coupled to a surface of the wire 702 to induce one or more modes of wave propagation of a guided wave 908 on the wire including a fundamental mode (e.g. ., a symmetric mode) and / or a non-fundamental mode (eg, asymmetric mode).
[0147] In the 1000 '' and 1000 '' modalities, for a wire 702 having an insulated outer surface, the guided wave 908 can propagate partly on the outer surface of the insulator and partly on the interior of the insulator. In the embodiments, the guided wave 908 can propagate substantially or completely on the outer surface of the insulator, or substantially or completely within the insulator. In the 1000 '' and 1000 '' modalities, for a wire 702 that is a bare conductor, the guided wave 908 can propagate partly on the outer surface of the conductor and partly inside the
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62/189 driver. In another embodiment, the guided wave 908 can propagate substantially or completely on the outer surface of the conductor.
[0148] Referring now to FIG. 11, a block diagram 1100 showing an example non-limiting embodiment of a double stub coupler is shown. In particular, a double coupler design is shown for use in a transmission device, such as a transmission device 101 or 102 shown in conjunction with FIG. 1. In one embodiment, two or more couplers (such as stub couplers 1104 and 1106) can be positioned around a wire 1102 to receive the guided wave 1108. In one embodiment, one coupler is sufficient to receive the wave guided wave 1108. In this case, the guided wave 1108 mates with the coupler 1104 and propagates as the guided wave 1110. If the field structure of the guided wave 1108 oscillates or waves around the wire 1102 due to the mode (s) of particular guided wave (s) or various external factors, then coupler 1106 can be placed so that guided wave 1108 is coupled to coupler 1106. In some embodiments, four or more couplers can be placed around a portion of the wire 1102, p. 90 degrees or other spacing in relation to each other, to receive guided waves that can oscillate or rotate around the wire 1102, which have been induced in different azimuth orientations or which have non-fundamental or higher modes which, for example, they have bumps and / or zeros or other asymmetries that depend on orientation. However, it will be recognized that there may be fewer or more than four
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63/189 couplers placed around a portion of the wire 1102 without departing from the example modalities.
[0149] It should be noted that although couplers 1106 and 1104 are illustrated as stub couplers, any other of the coupler designs described herein, including arc couplers, antenna or horn couplers, magnetic couplers, etc., can also be used . It will also be recognized that while some exemplary embodiments have shown a plurality of couplers around at least a portion of a wire 1102, that plurality of couplers can also be considered as part of a single coupler system having multiple coupler subcomponents. For example, two or more couplers can be manufactured as a single system that can be installed around a wire in a single installation so that the couplers are prepositioned or adjustable in relation to each other (manually or automatically with a controllable mechanism, such as a motor or other actuator) according to the unique system.
[0150] Receivers coupled to couplers 1106 and 1104 can use combination of diversity to combine signals received from both couplers 1106 and 1104 to maximize signal quality. In other embodiments, if one or other of the couplers 1104 and 1106 receives a transmission that is above a predetermined threshold, the receivers can use the selection diversity when deciding which signal to use. Furthermore, although reception by a plurality of couplers 1106 and 1104 is illustrated, transmission via couplers 1106 and 1104 in the
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64/189 same configuration. In particular, a wide range of MIMO transmission and reception techniques (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) can be employed for transmissions where a transmission device, such as a 101 or 102 transmission device shown in together with FIG. 1, includes multiple transceivers and multiple couplers.
[0151] It is noted that the graphical representations of waves 1108 and 1110 are presented merely to illustrate the principles that the guided wave 1108 induces or else launches a wave 1110 in a coupler 1104. The effective electric and magnetic fields generated as a result of this propagation waveforms may vary depending on the frequencies used, the design of the coupler 1104, the dimensions and composition of the wire 1102, as well as its surface characteristics, its insulation, if any, the electromagnetic properties of the surrounding environment, etc.
[0152] Referring now to FIG. 12, a block diagram 1200 is shown illustrating a non-limiting example of a repeater system. In particular, a repeater device 1210 is shown for use in a transmission device, such as a transmission device 101 or 102 shown in conjunction with FIG. 1. In this system, two couplers 1204 and 1214 can be placed next to a wire 1202 or other transmission medium, so that the guided waves 1205 propagating along the wire 1202 are extracted by the coupler 1204 as the wave 1206 (p. as a guided wave), and then be intensified or repeated by the repeater device 1210 and launched as a 1216 wave (eg as a guided wave)
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65/189 on coupler 1214. Wave 1216 can then be launched on wire 1202 and continue to propagate along wire 1202 as a guided wave 1217. In one embodiment, repeater device 1210 can receive at least a portion of the power used to intensification or repetition by magnetic coupling with wire 1202, for example, when wire 1202 is a power line or contains a power-carrying conductor. It should be noted that although couplers 1204 and 1214 are illustrated as stub couplers, any other of the coupler designs described herein, including arc couplers, antenna or horn couplers, magnetic couplers, or the like, can also be used.
[0153] In some embodiments, the repeater device 1210 may repeat the transmission associated with wave 1206, and in other embodiments, the repeater device 1210 may include a communications interface 205 that extracts data or other signals from wave 1206 to provide that data or signals to another network and / or one or more other devices such as communication signals 110 or 112 and / or to receive communication signals 110 or 112 from another network and / or one or more other devices and launch the guided wave 1216 having incorporated 110 or 112 communication signals received. In a repeater configuration, receiver waveguide 1208 can receive wave 1206 from coupler 1204 and transmitter waveguide 1212 can launch guided wave 1216 at coupler 1214 as guided wave 1217. Between receiver waveguide 1208 and the transmitter waveguide 1212, the signal embedded in the guided wave 1206 and / or the guided wave 1216 itself can be amplified to correct signal loss and other inefficiencies
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66/189 associated with guided wave communications, or the signal can be received and processed to extract the data contained there and regenerated for transmission. In one embodiment, the receiver waveguide 1208 can be configured to extract data from the signal, process the data to correct data errors using for example error correction codes, and regenerate an updated signal with the corrected data. The transmitter waveguide 1212 can then transmit the guided wave 1216 with the updated signal incorporated therein. In one embodiment, a signal embedded in the guided wave 1206 can be extracted from the transmission and processed for communication with another network and / or one or more other devices via the communications interface 205 as communication signals 110 or 112. Similarly, the signals communications 110 or 112 received by the communications interface 205 can be inserted into a guided wave transmission 1216 which is generated and launched in the coupler 1214 by the transmitting waveguide 1212.
[0154] It is noted that although FIG. 12 show guided wave transmissions 1206 and 1216 entering from the left and exiting from the right respectively, this is merely a simplification and is not intended to be a limitation. In other embodiments, the receiving waveguide 1208 and the transmitting waveguide 1212 can also function as transmitters and receivers respectively, allowing the repeater device 1210 to be bidirectional.
[0155] In one embodiment, the repeater device 1210 can be placed in locations where there are discontinuities or obstacles in wire 1202 or other means of transmission. In the case where wire 1202 is a power line, these
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67/189 obstacles may include transformers, connections, electricity poles and other such power line devices. The repeater device 1210 can assist the guided waves (e.g., surface) to bypass these obstacles on the line and intensify the transmission power at the same time. In other embodiments, a coupler can be used
to get around the obstacle without the use in a device repeater. In this modality, both ends of the coupler can be tied or fixed to wire, providing so a path for the wave guided if move without being blocked by the obstacle.[0156] Moving now to the FIG. 13 r an illustrated
block diagram 1300 of a non-limiting example of a bidirectional repeater in accordance with various aspects described herein. In particular, a bidirectional repeater device 1306 is shown for use in a transmission device, such as a transmission device 101 or 102 shown in conjunction with FIG. 1. It should be noted that although the couplers are illustrated as stub couplers, any other of the coupler designs described herein, including arc couplers, antenna or horn couplers, magnetic couplers, or the like, can also be used. The bidirectional repeater 1306 can employ diversity paths in the event that two or more wires or other means of transmission are present. Since guided wave transmissions have different transmission efficiencies and coupling efficiencies for a transmission medium of different types, such as insulated wires, non-insulated wires or other types of transmission media and others, if exposed to
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68/189 elements, they can be affected by climatic conditions, and other atmospheric conditions, which can be advantageous to transmit selectively in different means of transmission at certain times. In various modalities, the various means of transmission can be designated as
primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. independent of this designation indicate or not one preference in one middle of transmission in relation the other.[0157] On modality shown, the means in streaming include a insulated wire or not isolated 1302 and one thread isolated
or non-insulated 1304 (hereinafter referred to as wires 1302 and 1304, respectively). The repeater device 1306 uses a receiver coupler 1308 to receive a guided wave moving along the wire 1302 and repeats the transmission using the transmitter waveguide 1310 with a guided wave along the wire 1304. In other embodiments, the repeater device 1306 you can switch from wire 1304 to wire 1302 or you can repeat transmissions along the same paths. Repeater device 1306 may include sensors or be in communication with the sensors (or a network management system 1601 depicting FIG. 16A) that indicate conditions that may affect transmission. Based on the feedback received from the sensors, the repeater device 1306 can make a determination as to whether it is possible to maintain the transmission along the same wire or transfer the transmission to the other wire.
[0158] Moving now to FIG. 14, a block diagram 1400 is illustrated illustrating a non-limiting example of a bidirectional repeater system. In particular, a system of
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69/189 bidirectional repeaters for use in a transmission device, such as a transmission device 101 or 102 shown in conjunction with FIG. 1. The bidirectional repeater system includes waveguide coupling devices 1402 and 1404 that receive and transmit transmissions from other coupling devices located in a distributed antenna system or backhaul system.
[0159] In various embodiments, the waveguide coupling device 1402 can receive a transmission from another waveguide coupling device, wherein the transmission has a plurality of subcarriers. The diplexer 1406 can separate the transmission from other transmissions and direct the transmission to the low noise amplifier (LNA) 1408. A frequency mixer 1428, with the help of a local oscillator 1412, can reduce the transmission (which is in the band millimeter wave or about 38 GHz in some modes) to a lower frequency, such as a cellular band (- 1.9 GHz) for a distributed antenna system, a native frequency or another frequency for a backhaul system . An extractor (or demultiplexer) 1432 can extract the signal in a subcarrier and direct the signal to an output component 1422 for amplification, buffering or optional isolation by the power amplifier 1424 for coupling to the 205 communications interface. communications 205 can further process the signals received from the power amplifier 1424 or else transmit those signals via a wired or wireless interface to other devices, such as
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70/189 example a base station, mobile devices, a building, etc. For signals that are not being extracted at that location, extractor 1432 can redirect them to another frequency mixer 1436, where the signals are used to modulate a carrier wave generated by the local oscillator 1414. The carrier wave, with its subcarriers, is directed to a power amplifier (PA) 1416 and is relayed by the waveguide coupling device 1404 to another system via the diplexer 1420.
[0160] An LNA 1426 can be used to amplify, buffer or isolate signals that are received by the communication interface 205 and then send the signal to a multiplexer 1434 that interleaves the signal with signals that were received from the waveguide coupling 1404. The signals received from the coupling device 1404 were divided by the diplexer 1420 and then passed through the LNA 1418 and reduced in frequency by the frequency mixer 1438. When the signals are combined by the multiplexer 1434, their frequency is increased by the frequency mixer 1430 and then they are intensified by the PA 1410 and transmitted to another system by the waveguide coupling device 1402. In one embodiment, the bidirectional repeater system can be merely a repeater without output device 1422. In this mode, multiplexer 1434 would not be used and signals from LNA 1418 would be directed for mixer 1430 as previously described. It will be recognized that, in some modalities, the bidirectional repeater system can also be
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71/189 implemented using two separate and separate unidirectional repeaters. In an alternative modality, a bidirectional repeater system can also be an intensifier or carry out retransmissions without reduction and increase. In fact, in the example mode, retransmissions can be based on the reception of a signal or guided wave and the execution of processing or reformulation, filtering and / or amplification of any signal or guided wave, before the retransmission of the signal or the guided wave .
[0161] Referring now to FIG. 15, a block diagram 1500 is shown illustrating a non-limiting example of a guided wave communications system. This diagram represents an exemplary environment in which a guided wave communication system, such as the guided wave communication system presented in conjunction with FIG. 1.
[0162] To provide network connectivity to additional base station devices, a backhaul network that connects the communication cells (eg, microcells and macrocells) to network devices on a main network expands accordingly. Similarly, to provide network connectivity to a distributed antenna system, an extended communication system that connects base station devices and their distributed antennas is desirable. A guided wave communication system 1500 as shown in FIG. 15 can be provided to allow alternative, increased or additional network connectivity, and a waveguide coupling system can be provided to transmit and / or receive guided wave communications (eg, surface wave) on a medium transmission, such as
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72/189 example a wire, which operates as a single wire transmission line (eg a utility line) and which can be used as a waveguide and / or else operate to guide the transmission of a electromagnetic wave.
[0163] The guided wave communication system 1500 can comprise a first instance of a distribution system 1550 that includes one or more base station devices (e.g., base station device 1504) that are coupled in a manner communicable at a central office 1501 and / or a macrocell location 1502. The base station device 1504 can be connected via a wired (eg fiber and / or cable) or wireless (eg. , wireless microwave) to macrocell location 1502 and central office 1501. A second instance of the 1560 distribution system can be used to provide wireless voice and data services to the 1522 mobile device and 1542 residential and / or commercial establishments ( hereinafter referred to as 1542 establishments). System 1500 may have additional instances of distribution systems 1550 and 1560 to provide voice and / or data services to mobile devices 1522-1524 and establishments 1542 as shown in FIG. 15.
[0164] Macroscells, such as 1502 macrocell location, may have dedicated connections to a 1504 base station and mobile network device or may share and / or use another connection. Headquarters 1501 can be used to distribute media content and / or provide Internet service provider (ISP Internet Service Provider) services to 1522-1524 mobile devices and 1542 establishments. Headquarters 1501 can
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73/189 receiving media content from a constellation of 1530 satellites (one of which is shown in FIG. 15) or other content sources, and distributing that content to 1522-1524 mobile devices and 1542 establishments via the first and second instances of the distribution system 1550 and 1560. The central office 1501 can also be coupled communicatively on the Internet 1503 to provide Internet data services to mobile devices 15221524 and establishments 1542.
[0165] The base station device 1504 can be mounted on, or connected to, the electricity pole 1516. In other embodiments, the base station device 1504 can be found near transformers and / or other locations located near a power line. The base station device 1504 can facilitate connectivity to a mobile network for mobile devices 1522 and 1524. Antennas 1512 and 1514, mounted on, or adjacent to, electricity poles 1518 and 1520, respectively, can receive signals from the base station 1504 and transmit these signals to mobile devices 1522 and 1524 over a much larger area than if antennas 1512 and 1514 were located on, or adjacent to, base station device 1504.
[0166] It is noted that FIG. 15 presents three electricity poles, in each instance of the distribution systems 1550 and 1560, with a base station device, for reasons of simplicity. In other embodiments, the 1516 electricity pole may have more base station devices, and more electricity poles with distributed antennas and / or connections linked to 1542 establishments.
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74/189 [0167] A transmission device 1506, such as a transmission device 101 or 102 shown in conjunction with FIG. 1, it can transmit a signal from the base station device 1504 to antennas 1512 and 1514 via power line (s) or utilities that connect the electricity poles 1516, 1518 and 1520. To transmit the signal, the source of radio and / or the transmitting device 1506 convert the signal (eg via frequency mixing) of the base station device 1504 to a higher value or else convert the signal from the base station device 1504 to a microwave band signal, and transmission device 1506 launches a microwave band wave that propagates as a guided wave moving along the utility line or other wire as described in previous embodiments. At electricity pole 1518, another transmission device 1508 receives the guided wave (and optionally can amplify it as needed or desired or operate as a repeater to receive and regenerate it) and sends it as a guided wave on the service line public or other wire. The transmission device 1508 can also extract a signal from the microwave wave guided wave and reduce its frequency or convert it to its original cellular band frequency (eg 1.9 GHz or other frequency defined cell) or other cellular (or non-cellular) band frequency. An antenna 1512 can wirelessly transmit the reduced signal to the mobile device 1522. The process can be repeated by the transmission device 1510, the antenna 1514 and the mobile device 1524, as necessary or desirable.
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75/189 [0168] Transmissions from mobile devices 1522 and 1524 can also be received by antennas 1512 and 1514, respectively. Transmission devices 1508 and 1510 can augment or convert cell band signals to microwave waves and transmit the signals as guided wave transmissions (eg, surface wave or other electromagnetic wave) by (s) power line (s) to the base station device 1504.
[0169] The media content received by the central office 1501 can be provided to the second instance of the distribution system 1560 via the base station device 1504 for distribution to the mobile devices 1522 and establishments 1542. The transmission device 1510 can be linked 1542 establishments via one or more wired connections or a wireless interface. The one or more wired connections may include, without limitation, a power line, a coaxial cable, a fiber cable, a twisted pair cable, a guided wave transmission medium or other suitable wired media for content distribution media and / or to provide Internet services. In an example embodiment, the wired connections of the 1510 transmitting device can be communicatively coupled to one or more very high bit rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) modems located on one or more plus corresponding service area interfaces (SAIs - Service Area Interfaces, not shown) or bases, each SAI or base providing services to a portion of 1542 establishments. VDSL modems can be used to selectively distribute media content and / or provide services Internet access to
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76/189 connections (not shown) located in establishments 1542. SAIs or bases can also be communicatively coupled in establishments 1542 by a wired medium, such as a power line, a coaxial cable, a fiber cable, a cable twisted pair, a guided wave transmission medium or other suitable wired media. In other example embodiments, the transmission device 1510 can be communicatively coupled directly to establishments 1542 without intermediate interfaces, such as SAIs or bases.
[0170] In another example modality, the 1500 system can employ diversity paths, where two or more utility lines or other wires are threaded between the electricity poles 1516, 1518 and 1520 (eg, two or more wires between posts 1516 and 1520), and redundant transmissions from the base station / macrocell site 1502 are transmitted as waves guided by the surface of utility lines or other wires. Utility lines or other wires can be insulated or non-insulated, and depending on the environmental conditions that cause transmission losses, coupling devices can selectively receive signals from utility lines or other insulated or non-insulated wires. The selection can be based on measurements of the signal-to-noise ratio of the wires or based on certain climatic / environmental conditions (eg, humidity detectors, weather forecasts, etc.). The use of diversity paths with the 1500 system can allow for alternative routing capabilities, load balancing, increased load handling,
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77/189 simultaneous synchronous or bidirectional communications, broad spectrum communications, etc.
[0171] It is noted that the use of transmission devices 1506, 1508 and 1510 in FIG. 15 serves merely as an example and that, in other modalities, other uses are possible. For example, transmission devices can be used in a backhaul communication system, providing network connectivity to base station devices. The transmission devices 1506, 1508 and 1510 can be used in many circumstances where it is desirable to transmit wave communications guided by a wire, isolated or non-isolated. Transmission devices 1506, 1508 and 1510 are improvements over other coupling devices due to non-contact or limited physical and / or electrical contact with wires that can carry high voltages. The transmission device can be located away from the wire (eg, away from the wire) and / or located on the wire as long as it is not electrically in contact with the wire, since the dielectric acts as an insulator, allowing a economical, easy and / or less complex installation. However, as previously noted, conductive or non-dielectric couplers can be used, for example, in configurations where the wires correspond to a telephone network, cable television network, broadband data service, fiber optic communications system or another network employing low voltages or having isolated transmission lines.
[0172] It is further noted that, although the base station device 1504 and the macrocell location 1502 are illustrated in one embodiment, other possibilities are also possible
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78/189 network settings. For example, devices, such as access points or other wireless ports, can be used in a similar way to extend the range of other networks, such as a wireless local area network, an area network wireless personnel or another wireless network that operates according to a communication protocol, such as an 802.11 protocol, WIMAx protocol, Ultra-Broadband protocol, Bluetooth protocol, Zigbee protocol or other wireless protocol.
[0173] In relation now to FIGs. 16A & 16B, block diagrams illustrating a non-limiting example of a system for managing a mains communication system are shown. Considering FIG. 16A, a waveguide system 1602 is shown for use in a guided wave communications system, such as the system shown in conjunction with FIG. 15. The waveguide system 1602 can comprise sensors 1604, a power management system 1605, a transmission device 101 or 102 that includes at least one communication interface 205, a transceiver 210 and a coupler 220.
[0174] The waveguide system 1602 can be coupled to a power line 1610 to facilitate guided wave communications according to modalities described in the disclosure under discussion. In an example embodiment, the transmission device 101 or 102 includes the coupler 220 for inducing electromagnetic waves on a surface of the power line 1610 that propagates longitudinally along the surface of the power line 1610 as described in the disclosure under discussion. The transmission device 101 or 102 can also serve as a repeater for retransmitting data
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79/189 electromagnetic waves on the same power line 1610 or for routing electromagnetic waves between power lines 1610 as shown in FIGs. 12 and 13.
[0175] Transmission device 101 or 102 includes transceiver 210 configured to, for example, convert a signal operating in a range of original frequency to electromagnetic waves operating in, displaying or associated with a carrier frequency to a higher value. propagates along a coupler to induce corresponding guided electromagnetic waves that propagate along a surface of the 1610 power line. A carrier frequency can be represented by a central frequency having upper and lower cutoff frequencies that define the bandwidth electromagnetic waves. The power line 1610 can be a wire (e.g., monofilament or multifilament) having a conductive surface or insulated surface. Transceiver 210 can also receive signals from coupler 220 and convert electromagnetic waves operating at a carrier frequency to signals at their original frequency to a lower value.
[0176] The signals received by the communications interface 205 of the transmission device 101 or 102 for conversion to a higher value may include, without limitation, signals provided by a central office 1611 through a wired or wireless interface of the communications interface 205, a base station 1614 over a wired or wireless interface of the communications interface 205, wireless signals transmitted by mobile devices 1620 to the base station 1614 for delivery over the wired or wireless interface of the communications interface
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205, signals provided by communication devices in building 1618 via the wired or wireless interface of the communications interface 205, and / or wireless signals provided to the communications interface 205 by mobile devices 1612 while roaming in a wireless communication range of the interface of communications 205. In embodiments where the waveguide system 1602 functions as a repeater, as shown in FIGs. 12 and 13, the communications interface 205 may or may not be included in the waveguide system 1602.
[0177] Electromagnetic waves propagating along the surface of the 1610 power line can be modulated and formatted to include data packets or frames that include a data payload and also include network information (such as network information). header for identification of one or more target waveguide systems 1602). Networking information can be provided by the waveguide system 1602 or a source device, such as central office 1611, base station 1614, mobile devices 1620 or devices in building 1618, or a combination thereof . In addition, modulated electromagnetic waves can include error correction data to mitigate signal disturbances. Networking information and error correction data can be used by a 1602 target waveguide system to detect transmissions directed to it, and for conversion to a lower value and processing with data correction corrections. errors that include voice and / or data signals directed to receiving communication devices
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81/189 communicatively coupled to the destination 1602 waveguide system.
[0178] In relation to sensors 1604 of the waveguide system 1602 now, sensors 1604 can comprise one or more between a temperature sensor 1604a, a disturbance detection sensor 1604b, a loss of energy sensor 1604c, a sensor noise sensor 1604d, a vibration sensor 1604e, an environmental sensor (eg climatic conditions) 1604f and / or an image sensor 1604g. The temperature sensor 1604a can be used to measure ambient temperature, a temperature of the transmission device 101 or 102, a temperature of the power line 1610, temperature differentials (for example, compared to a setpoint or baseline , between the transmission device 101 or 102 and 1610, etc.), or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the temperature metric can be collected and reported periodically to a network management system 1601 via base station 1614.
[0179] The disturbance detection sensor 1604b can perform measurements on the power line 1610 to detect disturbances, such as signal reflections, which may indicate the presence of a disturbance downstream that can prevent the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the power 1610. A signal reflection can represent a distortion resulting from, for example, an electromagnetic wave transmitted in the power line 1610 by the transmission device 101 or 102 that reflects in whole or in part again in the transmission device 101 or 102 from a line disturbance
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82/189 power 1610 located downstream from the transmission device 101 or 102.
[0180] Signal reflections can be caused by obstructions in the 1610 power line. For example, a tree branch can cause electromagnetic wave reflections when the tree branch is located in the 1610 power line, or is close to the line. power rating 1610, which can cause a discharge to the crown. Other obstructions that can cause electromagnetic wave reflections may include, without limitation, an object that has become entangled in the 1610 power line (eg clothing, a shoe wrapped around a 1610 power line with a laces, etc.). ), a corroded build-up on the 1610 power line, or an build-up of ice. The mains components can also prevent or obstruct the propagation of electromagnetic waves on the surface of the 1610 power lines. Illustrations of mains components that can cause signal reflections include, without limitation, a transformer and a joint for connecting lines united power. A sharp angle on the 1610 power line can also cause electromagnetic wave reflections.
[0181] The disturbance detection sensor 1604b can comprise a circuit to compare magnitudes of electromagnetic wave reflections with original electromagnetic wave magnitudes transmitted by the transmission device 101 or 102 to determine how much a downstream disturbance in the 1610 power line mitigates transmissions . The disturbance detection sensor 1604b may further comprise a spectral analyzer circuit for performing spectral analysis on the reflected waves. Spectral data
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83/189 generated by the spectral analyzer circuit can be compared with spectral profiles via pattern recognition, a specialized system, curve fitting, matched filtering or other artificial intelligence technique, classification or comparison to identify a type of disturbance based on, for example, in the spectral profile that most closely corresponds to the spectral data. Spectral profiles can be stored in a disturbance detection sensor 1604b memory or can be remotely accessible by the disturbance detection sensor 1604b. The profiles can comprise spectral data that model different disturbances that can be found on power lines 1610 to allow disturbance detection sensor 1604b to identify disturbances locally. A disturbance identification, if known, can be reported to network management system 1601 via base station 1614. Disturbance detection sensor 1604b can also use transmission device 101 or 102 to transmit electromagnetic waves as test to determine a round-trip time for an electromagnetic wave reflection. The round trip time measured by the disturbance detection sensor 1604b can be used to calculate a distance traveled by the electromagnetic wave to a point where reflection occurs, which allows the disturbance detection sensor 1604b to calculate a distance between the device transmission 101 or 102 and the downstream disturbance on the power line 1610.
[0182] The calculated distance can be reported to the network management system 1601 via the base station
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1614. In one embodiment, the location of the waveguide system 1602 on the power line 1610 can be known from the network management system 1601, which the network management system 1601 can use to determine a location of the disturbance on the power line. power 1610 based on a known electrical network topology. In another embodiment, the waveguide system 1602 can provide its location to the network management system 1601 to assist in determining the location of the disturbance on the 1610 power line. The location of the waveguide system 1602 can be obtained by the system waveguide 1602 from a pre-programmed location of the waveguide system 1602 stored in a memory of the waveguide system 1602, or the waveguide system 1602 can determine its location using a GPS receiver (not shown) included in the 1602 waveguide system.
[0183] The 1605 power management system supplies power to the above mentioned components of the 1602 waveguide system. The 1605 power management system can receive energy from solar cells, or from a transformer (not shown) coupled to the power line. power 1610, or by inductive coupling on the power line 1610 or another power line nearby. The 1605 power management system may also include a backup battery and / or a supercapacitor or other condenser circuit to supply the 1602 waveguide system with temporary power. The 1604c power loss sensor can be used to detect when the 1602 waveguide system has a loss of power condition and / or the occurrence of some other malfunction. For example, the
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85/189 power loss 1604c can detect when there is a loss of power due to defective solar cells, an obstruction in the solar cells that causes them to malfunction, loss of power in the 1610 power line, and / or when the power system backup does not work due to the expiration of a backup battery or a detectable defect in a supercapacitor. When a malfunction and / or power loss occurs, the power loss sensor 1604c can notify the network management system 1601 through the base station 1614.
[0184] The noise sensor 1604d can be used to measure noise in the power line 1610 which can adversely affect the transmission of electromagnetic waves in the power line 1610. The noise sensor 1604d may experience unexpected electromagnetic interference, noise bursts or other sources of disturbances that can disrupt the reception of modulated electromagnetic waves on a surface of a 1610 power line. A burst of noise can be caused by, for example, a discharge in the crown or another source of noise. The noise sensor 1604d can compare the measured noise with a noise profile obtained by the waveguide system 1602 from an internal noise profile database or from a remotely located database that stores noise profiles via recognition of patterns, a specialized system, curves adjustment, corresponding filtering or other artificial intelligence technique, classification or comparison. Since the comparison, the noise sensor 1604d can identify a source of noise (eg, discharge in the crown or other) based, for example, on the noise profile that provides the closest match to the measured noise. The sensor
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86/189 noise 1604d can also detect how noise affects transmissions by measuring the transmission metric, such as bit error rate, packet loss rate, oscillation, packet retransmission requests, etc. The noise sensor 1604d can report to the network management system 1601 via base station 1614 the identity of noise sources, their time of occurrence and transmission metric, among other things.
[0185] The vibration sensor 1604e can include accelerometers and / or gyroscopes to detect 2D or 3D vibrations in the 1610 power line. Vibrations can be compared with vibration profiles that can be stored locally in the 1602 waveguide system or obtained using the 1602 waveguide system of a remote database via pattern recognition, a specialized system, curve fitting, corresponding filtering or other artificial intelligence technique, classification or comparison. The vibration profiles can be used, for example, to distinguish trees that have fallen due to gusts of wind based, for example, on the vibration profile that provides the closest match to the measured vibrations. The results of this analysis can be reported by the vibration sensor 1604e to the network management system 1601 through the base station 1614.
[0186] The 1604f environmental sensor can include a barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure, ambient temperature (which can be provided by temperature sensor 1604a), wind speed, humidity, wind direction and atmospheric precipitation, among other things. The 1604f environmental sensor can collect raw information and process these
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87/189 information comparing the same with environmental profiles that can be obtained from a 1602 waveguide system memory or a remote database to predict weather conditions before they arise through pattern recognition, a specialized system, knowledge-based system or other modeling and forecasting techniques for artificial intelligence, classification or other climatic conditions. The 1604f environmental sensor can report raw data as well as its analysis to the 1601 network management system.
[0187] The 1604g image sensor can be a digital camera (eg, a charged attached device or CCD imager, infrared camera, etc.) for capturing images close to the 1602 waveguide system. The sensor 1604g image sensor can include an electromechanical mechanism to control the movement (eg, effective position or zooms / focal points) of the camera for inspecting the 1610 power line from multiple perspectives (eg, top surface, bottom surface, left surface, right surface, and so on). Alternatively, the 1604g image sensor can be designed so that no electromechanical mechanism is needed to obtain multiple perspectives. The collection and retrieval of image data generated by the 1604g image sensor can be controlled by the 1601 network management system, or they can be autonomously collected and reported by the 1604g image sensor to the 1601 network management system.
[0188] Other sensors that may be suitable for collecting telemetry information associated with the system
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88/189 of waveguide 1602 and / or power lines 1610 for the purpose of detecting, predicting and / or mitigating disturbances that may prevent the spread of electromagnetic wave transmissions on power lines 1610 (or any other form of means of transmission of electromagnetic waves) can be used by the 1602 waveguide system.
[0189] In relation now to FIG. 16B, block diagram 1650 illustrates a non-limiting example of a system for managing an electrical network 1653 and a communication system 1655 incorporated therein or associated therewith according to various aspects described herein. The communication system 1655 comprises a plurality of waveguide systems 1602 coupled to the power lines 1610 of the electrical network 1653. At least a portion of the waveguide systems 1602 used in the communication system 1655 can be in direct communication with a base station 1614 and / or the network management system 1601. The waveguide systems 1602 not directly connected to a base station 1614 or the network management system 1601 can engage in communication sessions with a station base 1614 or network management system 1601 via other downstream waveguide systems 1602 connected to a base station 1614 or network management system 1601.
[0190] The network management system 1601 can be communicatively coupled to the equipment of a public utility company 1652 and to the equipment of a communications service provider 1654 to provide each entity with state information associated with the electrical network
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1653 and the communication system 1655, respectively. Network management system 1601, utility company equipment 1652 and communications service provider 1654 can access communication devices used by utility company 1656 personnel and / or communication devices used by service provider personnel 1658 communications services for the purpose of providing status information and / or for directing these personnel in the management of the 1653 electrical network and / or the 1655 communication system.
[0191] FIG. 17A illustrates a flowchart of a non-limiting example of a 1700 method for the detection and mitigation of disturbances occurring in a communication network of the systems of FIGs. 16A and 16B. The 1700 method can start with step 1702 where a 1602 waveguide system transmits and receives messages embedded in, or as part of, modulated electromagnetic waves or other types of electromagnetic waves moving along a surface of a power line 1610. The messages can be voice messages, streaming video and / or other data / information exchanged between communication devices communicatively coupled to the 1655 communication system. In step 1704, sensors 1604 of the waveguide system 1602 can collect data detection. In one embodiment, the detection data can be collected in step 1704 before, during or after the transmission and / or reception of messages in step 1702. In step 1706, the waveguide system 1602 (or the sensors 1604 themselves) can determine from the detection data an actual or expected occurrence of a disturbance in the 1655 communication system that may affect
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90/189 communications originating from (eg, transmitted by) or received by the waveguide system 1602. The waveguide system 1602 (or sensors 1604) can process temperature data, signal reflection data , power loss data, noise data, vibration data, environmental data or any combination thereof to make this determination. The waveguide system 1602 (or sensors 1604) can also detect, identify, estimate or predict the source of the disturbance and / or its location in the 1655 communication system. If a disturbance is neither detected / identified nor predicted / estimated in the step 1708, the waveguide system 1602 can proceed to step 1702 where it continues to transmit and receive messages embedded in, or as part of, modulated electromagnetic waves moving along a surface of the 1610 power line. [0192] If , in step 1708, a disturbance is detected / identified or predicted / estimated, the waveguide system 1602 proceeds to step 1710 to determine whether the disturbance adversely affects (or, alternatively, may adversely affect or the measurement where it can adversely affect) the transmission or reception of messages in the 1655 communication system. In one embodiment, a duration threshold and an occurrence frequency threshold can be used in step 1710 to determine when a disturbance adversely affects communications in the 1655 communication system. For the purpose of illustration only, a duration threshold is assumed to be set to 500 ms, while an occurrence frequency threshold is set for 5 disturbances occurring over an observation period of 10 s. Thus,
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91/189 a disturbance lasting more than 500 ms will trigger the duration threshold. In addition, any disturbance occurring more than 5 times in a 10 s time interval will trigger the occurrence frequency threshold.
[0193] In one embodiment, a disturbance can be considered to adversely affect the signal integrity in 1655 communication systems when only the duration threshold is exceeded. In another embodiment, a disturbance can be considered to adversely affect the signal integrity in 1655 communication systems when both the duration threshold and the frequency occurrence threshold are exceeded. The latter modality is thus more conservative than the previous modality regarding the classification of disturbances that adversely affect the signal integrity in the 1655 communication system. It will be recognized that many other algorithms and associated parameters and thresholds can be used in step 1710 according to modalities example.
[0194] Again in relation to method 1700, if in step 1710 the disturbance detected in step 1708 does not meet the condition for adversely affected communications (eg, does not exceed the duration threshold or the frequency threshold of occurrence), the waveguide system 1602 can proceed to step 1702 and continue processing messages. For example, if the disturbance detected in step 1708 has a duration of 1 ms with a single occurrence over a period of 10 s, then no threshold will be exceeded. Consequently, this disturbance can be considered to have a nominal effect on the signal integrity in the 1655 communication system and thus will not be signaled as a
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92/189 disturbance requiring mitigation. Although not signaled, the occurrence of the disturbance, its time of occurrence, its frequency of occurrence, spectral data and / or other useful information can be reported to the network management system 1601 as telemetry data for monitoring purposes.
[0195] Again in relation to step 1710, if on the other hand the disturbance satisfies the condition for adversely affected communications (eg, exceeds one or both thresholds), the waveguide system 1602 can proceed to step 1712 and report the incident to the network management system 1601. The report can include raw detection data collected by sensors 1604, a description of the disturbance if known by the waveguide system 1602, a time of occurrence of the disturbance, a frequency of occurrence the disturbance, a location associated with the disturbance, parameter readings, such as bit error rate, packet loss rate, retransmission requests, oscillation, latency, and so on. If the disturbance is based on a prediction of one or more sensors in the 1602 waveguide system, the report can include an expected type of disturbance and, if predictable, an expected time of occurrence of the disturbance and an expected frequency of occurrence of the disturbance predicted when the forecast is based on historical detection data collected by sensors 1604 of the 1602 waveguide system.
[0196] In step 1714, the network management system 1601 can determine a mitigation, bypass or remediation technique, which may include targeting the
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93/189 waveguide 1602 to re-route traffic to circumvent the disturbance if the location of the disturbance can be determined. In one embodiment, the waveguide coupling device 1402 detecting the disturbance can target a repeater, such as that shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, to connect the waveguide system 1602 between a primary power line affected by the disturbance and a secondary power line to allow the waveguide system 1602 to re-route traffic to a different transmission medium and avoid the disturbance. In a mode where the waveguide system 1602 is configured as a repeater, the waveguide system 1602 itself can re-route traffic between the primary power line and the secondary power line. It is further noted that for bidirectional communications (eg, full or semi-duplex communications), the repeater can be configured to re-route traffic from the secondary power line back to the primary power line for processing by the guide system. wave 1602.
[0197] In another embodiment, the waveguide system 1602 can redirect traffic by giving instructions to a first repeater located upstream of the disturbance and a second repeater located downstream of the disturbance to redirect traffic from a primary power line temporarily to a secondary power line and back to the primary power line in a way that prevents disturbance. It is further noted that for bidirectional communications (eg, full or semi-duplex communications), repeaters can be configured to re-route
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94/189 traffic from the secondary power line back to the primary power line.
[0198] To avoid interrupting existing communication sessions occurring on a secondary power line, the network management system 1601 can direct the waveguide system 1602 to instruct the repeater (s) to use ( in) unused time band (s) and / or frequency band (s) of the secondary power line for redirecting data and / or voice traffic away from the primary power line in order to circumvent the disturbance.
[0199] In step 1716, while traffic is being re-routed to prevent disturbance, network management system 1601 can notify the utility company's equipment 1652 and / or the communications service provider's equipment 1654, which in turn can notify the personnel of the utility company 1656 and / or the personnel of the communications service provider 1658 regarding the detected disturbance and its location, if known. Field personnel from either party can assist in resolving the disturbance at a particular location in the disturbance. After removal or mitigation of disturbance by utility personnel and / or communications service provider personnel, these personnel can notify their respective companies and / or the 1601 network management system using field equipment (p. a laptop, smartphone, etc.) communicatively coupled to the network management system 1601, and / or equipment of the utility company and / or the service provider.
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95/189 communications. The notification can include a description of how the disturbance was mitigated and any changes to the 1610 power lines that could change a topology of the 1655 communication system.
[0200] After the disturbance has been resolved (as determined in decision 1718), the network management system 1601 can direct the waveguide system 1602 in step 1720 to restore the previous routing configuration used by the waveguide system 1602 or route traffic according to a new routing configuration if the restoration strategy used to mitigate the disturbance has resulted in a new network topology of the 1655 communication system. In another embodiment, the waveguide system 1602 can be configured to monitor disturbance mitigation by transmitting test signals on the 1610 power line to determine when the disturbance was removed. After the waveguide system 1602 detects an absence of the disturbance, it can autonomously restore its routing configuration without assistance from the 1601 network management system if it is determined that the 1655 communication system's network topology has not changed, or you can use a new routing configuration that adapts to a new detected network topology.
[0201] FIG. 17B illustrates a flowchart of an example non-limiting embodiment of a 1750 method for the detection and mitigation of disturbances occurring in a communication network of the system of FIGs. 16A and 16B. In one embodiment, method 1750 can begin with step 1752 where a network management system 1601 receives from equipment from utility 1652 or from
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96/189 communications service provider equipment 1654 maintenance information associated with a maintenance plan. The network management system 1601 can, in step 1754, identify from the maintenance information the maintenance activities to be performed during the maintenance plan. From these activities, the network management system 1601 can detect a maintenance disturbance (eg, planned replacement of a 1610 power line, planned replacement of a 1602 waveguide system on the 1610 power line, reconfiguration planned power lines 1610 on the 1653 power grid, etc.).
[0202] In another embodiment, the network management system 1601 can receive telemetry information in step 1755 from one or more waveguide systems 1602. The telemetry information may include, among other things, an identity of each guidance system. wave 1602 submitting telemetry information, measurements made by sensors 1604 of each waveguide system 1602, information related to predicted, estimated or actual disturbances detected by sensors 1604 of each waveguide system 1602, location information associated with each 1602 waveguide system, an estimated location of a detected disturbance, an identification of the disturbance, and so on. The network management system 1601 can determine from the telemetry information a type of disturbance that can be adverse to waveguide operations, to the transmission of electromagnetic waves along the wire surface, or both. The 1601 network management system can
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97/189 also use telemetry information from multiple 1602 waveguide systems to isolate and identify the disturbance. Additionally, network management system 1601 can request telemetry information from waveguide systems 1602 near an affected waveguide system 1602 to triangulate a disturbance location and / or validate a disturbance identification by receiving similar telemetry information. other 1602 waveguide systems.
[0203] In yet another modality, the network management system 1601 can receive in step 1756 a report of unplanned activities by the field maintenance personnel. Unplanned maintenance can occur as a result of field calls that are unforeseen or as a result of unexpected field problems discovered during field calls or planned maintenance activities. The activity report can identify changes in a 1653 electrical network topology configuration resulting from field personnel attending to problems discovered in the 1655 communication system and / or the 1653 electrical system, changes in one or more 1602 waveguide systems (such as for example, replacement or repair), mitigation of disturbances, if any, and so on.
[0204] In step 1758, network management system 1601 can determine from reports received in accordance with steps 1752 to 1756 whether a disturbance will occur based on a maintenance plan, or whether a disturbance has occurred or is expected to occur based on telemetry data, or if a disturbance occurred due to unforeseen maintenance identified in a field activity report. Since
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98/189 any of these reports, the network management system 1601 can determine whether a detected or anticipated disturbance requires re-routing traffic through the affected waveguide systems 1602 or other waveguide systems 1602 of the communication system 1655.
[0205] When a disturbance is detected or predicted in step 1758, network management system 1601 can proceed to step 17 60 where it can direct one or more waveguide systems 1602 to reroute traffic to circumvent the disturbance . When the disturbance is permanent due to a permanent topology change in the 1653 power grid, the network management system 1601 can proceed to step 1770 and skip steps 1762, 1764, 1766 and 1772. In step 1770, the management system network adapter 1601 can target one or more waveguide systems 1602 to use a new routing configuration that adapts to the new topology. However, after detecting the disturbance from telemetry information provided by one or more waveguide systems 1602, the network management system 1601 can notify maintenance personnel of utility company 1656 or communications service provider 1658 of a location of the disturbance, a type of disturbance, if known, and related information that may be useful for these personnel to mitigate the disturbance. When a disturbance is expected due to maintenance activities, the network management system 1601 can direct one or more waveguide systems 1602 to reconfigure traffic routes on a given plane (consistent with the
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99/189 maintenance) to avoid disruption caused by maintenance activities during the maintenance plan.
[0206] Returning to step 1760 again and after its completion, the process can continue with step 1762. In step 1762, network management system 1601 can monitor when the disturbance (s) has been (were) mitigated ( s) by field personnel. Mitigation of a disturbance can be detected in step 1762 by analyzing field reports submitted to the network management system 1601 by field personnel on a communications network (eg, cellular communication system) using field equipment (e.g. a laptop or computer / portable device). If field personnel have reported that a disturbance has been mitigated, network management system 1601 can proceed to step 1764 to determine from the field report whether a topology change was required to mitigate the disturbance. A topology change may include re-routing a 1610 power line, reconfiguring a waveguide system 1602 to use a different 1610 power line, or using an alternate link to ignore the disturbance, and so on. onwards. If a topology change has occurred, the network management system 1601 can target in step 1770 one or more waveguide systems 1602 to use a new routing configuration that adapts to the new topology.
[0207] If, however, a topology change has not been reported by field personnel, the network management system 1601 can proceed to step 1766 where it can direct one or more waveguide systems 1602 to
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100/189 send test signals to test a routing configuration that was used before the detected disturbance (s). Test signals can be sent to the affected 1602 waveguide systems close to the disturbance. Test signals can be used to determine whether signal disturbances (eg, electromagnetic wave reflections) are detected by any of the 1602 waveguide systems. If the test signals confirm that a previous routing configuration it is no longer subject to previously detected disturbance (s), so the network management system 1601 can, in step 1772, direct the affected waveguide systems 1602 to restore a previous routing configuration. If, however, the test signals analyzed by one or more waveguide coupling devices 1402 and reported to the network management system 1601 indicate that the disturbance (s) or new disturbance (s) has find (s) present, then the network management system 1601 will proceed to step 1768 and report this information to field personnel to further address field problems. In this situation, the network management system 1601 can continue to monitor the mitigation of the disturbance (s) in step 1762.
[0208] In the modalities mentioned above, waveguide systems 1602 can be configured to adapt to changes in the 1653 power grid and / or to mitigate disturbances. That is, one or more affected 1602 waveguide systems can be configured to self-monitor disturbance mitigation and reconfigure traffic routes without requiring instructions to be sent to
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101/189 same by the network management system 1601. In this modality, one or more waveguide systems 1602 that are self-configuring can inform the network management system 1601 of its routing choices, so that the network management 1601 can maintain a macro level view of the communication topology of the 1655 communication system.
[0209] Although, for the sake of simplicity of explanation, the respective processes are shown and described as a series of blocks in FIGs. 17A and 17B, respectively, it should be understood and acknowledged that the matter under discussion is not limited by the order of the blocks, since some blocks may occur in different orders and / or simultaneously with other blocks in relation to what is represented here and described. Furthermore, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methods described here.
[0210] Now, with reference to FIG. 18A, a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a communication system 1800 in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The 1800 communication system may include a base 1802 macrostation, such as a base station or access point that has antennas covering one or more sectors (for example, 6 or more sectors). The base 1802 macrostation can be communicatively coupled to a communication node 1804A that serves as a master or distribution node for other communication nodes 1804B to 1804E distributed in different geographic locations within or beyond a coverage area of the base 1802 macrostation The communication nodes
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102/189
1804 operate as a distributed antenna system configured to handle communications traffic associated with client devices, such as mobile devices (for example, cell phones) and / or fixed / stationary devices (for example, a communication device in a home or commercial establishment) that are wirelessly coupled to any of the 1804 communication nodes. In particular, the wireless features of the base 1802 macro station can be made available to mobile devices by allowing and / or redirecting certain mobile devices and / or stationary to use the wireless capabilities of a 1804 communication node in a communication range of mobile or stationary devices.
[0211] The communication nodes 1804A-E can be communicatively coupled together on an 1810 interface. In one embodiment, the 1810 interface can comprise a wired or linked interface (for example, fiber optic cable). In other embodiments, the 1810 interface may comprise a wireless RF interface that forms a distributed radio antenna system. In various embodiments, communication nodes 1804A to 1804E can be configured to provide communication services for mobile and stationary devices according to instructions provided by the base 1802 macrostation. However, in other operating examples, communication nodes 1804A to 1804E they operate merely as analog repeaters to spread coverage of the base 1802 macrostation across the entire range of individual communication nodes 1804A to 1804E.
[0212] Base microstations (represented as 1804 communication nodes) may differ from the base macrostation in
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103/189 several ways. For example, the communication range of the base micro-stations may be less than the communication range of the base-station. Consequently, the power consumed by the base microstations may be less than the power consumed by the base macrostation. The base macrostation optionally directs the base microstations in relation to the mobile and / or stationary devices with which they communicate, and which carrier frequency, spectral segment (or spectral segments) and / or scheduling of such time interval spectral segment (or spectral segments) must be used by the base microstations when communicating with certain mobile or stationary devices. In these cases, the control of the base micro-stations by the base macro-station can be carried out in a master-slave configuration or other suitable control configurations. Operating independently or under the control of the base 1802 macrostation, the resources of the base microstations can be simpler and less expensive than the resources used by the base 1802 macrostation.
[0213] Now, with reference to FIG. 18B, a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of communication nodes 1804B to 1804E of communication system 1800 of FIG. 18A is shown. In this illustration, communication nodes 1804B to 1804E are placed on a utility accessory, such as a light pole. In other embodiments, some of the communication nodes 1804B to 1804E can be placed on a building or on a mast or electricity pole that is used for power distribution and / or communication lines. The nodes of
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104/189 communication 1804B to 1804E in these illustrations can be configured to communicate with each other via the 1810 interface which, in this illustration, is shown as a wireless interface. Communication nodes 1804B to 1804E can also be configured to communicate with mobile or stationary devices 1806A to 1806C over an 1811 wireless interface that conforms to one or more communication protocols (for example, fourth generation wireless signals (4G ), such as LTE signals or other 4G signals, fifth generation wireless signals (5G), WiMAX, 802.11 signals, ultra-wideband signals, etc.). 1804 communication nodes can be configured to exchange signals over the 1810 interface at an operating frequency that can be higher (for example, 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 60 GHz, 80 GHz or higher) than the operating frequency used to communicate with mobile or stationary devices (for example, 1.9 GHz) over the 1811 interface. High carrier frequency and a wider bandwidth can be used to communicate between 1804 communication nodes, the which enables 1804 communication nodes to provide communication services to multiple mobile or stationary devices over one or more different frequency bands (for example, a 900 MHz band, 1.9 GHz band, a 2 band , 4 GHz and / or a 5.8 GHz band, etc.) and / or one or more difference protocols, as will be illustrated by downlink and spectral uplink diagrams of FIG. 19A described below. In other modalities, particularly where the 1810 interface is deployed by means of a wire-guided wave communications system, a broadband spectrum in a range of
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105/189 lower frequency (for example, in the range of 2 to 6 GHz, 4 to 10 GHz, etc.) can be used.
[0214] Moving now to FIGs. 18C to 18D, block diagrams illustrating exemplary non-limiting modalities of a communication node 1804 of the communication system 1800 of FIG. 18A are shown. Communication node 1804 can be attached to a support structure 1818 of a utility company installation as a utility pole or mast as shown in Figure 18C. The communication node 1804 can be attached to the support structure 1818 with an arm 1820 constructed of plastic or other suitable material that connects to one end of the communication node 1804. The communication node 1804 can additionally include a plastic housing assembly 1816 covering the components of the communication node 1804. The communication node 1804 can be powered by an 1821 power line (for example, 110/220 VAC). The 1821 power line can originate from a light pole or it can be coupled to a power line from a electricity pole.
[0215] In an embodiment where communication nodes 1804 communicate wirelessly with other communication nodes 1804 as shown in FIG. 18B, a top side 1812 of communication node 1804 (also shown in FIG. 18D) may comprise a plurality of antennas 1822 (e.g., 16 dielectric antennas without metal surfaces) coupled to one or more transceivers such as, for example , in whole or in part, the transceiver 1400 illustrated in FIG. 14. Each of the plurality of antennas 1822 on the top side 1812 can operate as a sector of communication node 1804, in
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106/189 that each sector is configured to communicate with at least one communication node 1804 in a sector communication range. Alternatively, or in combination, the 1810 interface between communication nodes 1804 can be a linked interface (for example, a fiber optic cable, or a power line used to transport guided electromagnetic waves, as previously described). In other embodiments, the 1810 interface may differ between 1804 communication nodes. That is, some 1804 communication nodes may communicate via a wireless interface, while others may communicate through a linked interface. In still other modalities, some 1804 communications nodes may use a combined wireless and linked interface. [0216] A bottom side 1814 of communication node 1804 can also comprise a plurality of antennas 1824 to communicate wirelessly with one or more mobile or stationary devices 1806 at a carrier frequency that is suitable for mobile devices or stationary 1806. As noted earlier, the carrier frequency used by communication node 1804 to communicate with mobile or stationary devices over the wireless interface 1811 shown in FIG. 18B can be different from the carrier frequency used to communicate between communication nodes 1804 on interface 1810. The plurality of antennas 1824 from bottom portion 1814 of communication node 1804 can also use a transceiver, such as a whole or in part, the transceiver 1400 illustrated in FIG. 14.
[0217] Turning now to FIG. 19A, a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting modality of
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107/189 downlink and uplink communication techniques to enable a base station to communicate with the communication nodes 1804 of FIG. 18A is shown. In the illustrations of FIG. 19A, downlink signals (i.e. signals directed from the base macrostation 1802 to communication nodes 1804) can be spectral divided into control channels 1902, spectral segments of downlink 1906 that each include , modulated signals that can be converted into frequency to their original / native frequency band to enable communication nodes 1804 to communicate with one or more mobile or stationary devices 1906, and pilot signals 1904 that can be provided with some or all spectral segments 1906 to mitigate distortion created between communication nodes 1904. Pilot signals 1904 can be processed by the top side 1816 (linked or wireless) transceivers of downstream communication nodes 1804 to remove distortion from a receive signal (for example, phase distortion). Each downlink spectral segment 1906 may have a sufficiently wide 1905 bandwidth (for example, 50 MHz) assigned to include a corresponding pilot signal 1904 and one or more downlink modulated signals located in frequency channels (or frequency slots) ) in the 1906 spectral segment. Modulated signals can represent cellular channels, WLAN channels or other modulated communication signals (for example, 10 to 20 MHz), which can be used by communication nodes 1804 to communicate with one or more devices mobile or stationary 1806.
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108/189 [0218] The uplink modulated signals generated by mobile or stationary communication devices in their native / original frequency bands can be converted to frequency and thus located in frequency channels (or frequency slots) in the spectral segment of uplink 1910. Uplink modulated signals can represent cellular channels, WLAN channels or other modulated communication signals. Each uplink spectral segment 1910 may have a bandwidth 1905 similar or equal to include a pilot signal 1908 that can be provided with some or each spectral segment 1910 to enable upstream communication nodes 1804 and / or the macrostation base 1802 remove distortion (for example, phase error).
[0219] In the modality shown, the downlink and uplink spectral segments 1906 and 1910 each comprise a plurality of frequency channels (or frequency slits), which can be occupied with modulated signals that have been converted to frequency at from any number of native / original frequency bands (for example a 900 MHz band, 1.9 GHz band, a 2.4 GHz band, and / or a 5.8 GHz band, etc.). Modulated signals can be converted to a higher value for adjacent frequency channels in downlink and uplink spectral segments 1906 and 1910. Thus, while some adjacent frequency channels in a downlink spectral segment 1906 can include originally modulated signals in the same native / original frequency band, other adjacent frequency channels in the 1906 downlink spectral segment
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109/189 may also include signals modulated originally in different native / original frequency bands, but converted to frequency to be located in adjacent frequency channels of the 1906 downlink spectral segment. For example, a first signal modulated in a 1 band , 9 GHz and a second signal modulated in the same frequency band (ie 1.9 GHz) can be converted to frequency and thus positioned on adjacent frequency channels of a 1906 downlink spectral segment. In another illustration, a first signal modulated in a 1.9 GHz band and a second communication signal in a different frequency band (ie 2.4 GHz) can be converted to frequency and thus positioned in adjacent frequency channels of a spectral link segment downlink 1906. Consequently, frequency channels of a downlink 1906 spectral segment can be occupied with any combination tion of modulated signals from the same or different signaling protocols and from the same or different native / original frequency bands.
[0220] Similarly, while some adjacent frequency channels in a 1910 uplink spectral segment may include signals originally modulated in the same frequency band, the adjacent frequency channels in the 1910 uplink spectral segment may also include modulated signals. originally in different native / original frequency bands, but converted to frequency to be located in adjacent frequency channels of a 1910 uplink segment. For example, a first communication signal in a 2.4 GHz band and a second signal communication in the same band
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110/189 frequency (ie 2.4 GHz) can be converted to frequency and thus positioned on adjacent frequency channels of a 1910 uplink spectral segment. In another illustration, a first communication signal in a 1 band, 9 GHz and a second communication signal in a different frequency band (ie 2.4 GHz) can be converted to frequency and thus positioned in adjacent frequency channels of the uplink spectral segment 1906. Consequently, frequency channels of a 1910 uplink spectral segment can be occupied with any combination of modulated signals from the same or different signaling protocols and from the same or different native / original frequency bands. It should be noted that a downlink spectral segment 1906 and a downlink spectral segment 1910 can be adjacent to each other and separated by only a protective band or otherwise separated by a higher frequency spacing, depending on the spectral allocation on site.
[0221] Now, with reference to FIG. 19B, a block diagram 1920 illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a communication node is shown. In particular, the communication node device, such as the communication node 1804A of a radio distributed antenna system, includes a base station interface 1922, duplexer / diplexer set 1924, and two transceivers 1930 and 1932. However, it must It should be noted that when the communication node 1804A is colocalized with a base station, such as a base station 1802, the duplexer / diplexer set 1924 and the transceiver 1930 can be
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111/189 omitted and the 1932 transceiver can be directly coupled to the 1922 base station interface.
[0222] In various embodiments, the base station interface 1922 receives a first modulated signal that has one or more downlink channels in a first spectral segment for transmission to a client device, such as one or more mobile communication devices. The first spectral segment represents an original / native frequency band of the first modulated signal. The first modulated signal may include one or more downlink communication channels that conform to a signaling protocol, such as an LTE or other 4G wireless protocol, a 5G wireless communication protocol, an ultra-broadband protocol, a WiMAX protocol, an 802.11 or other wireless local area network protocol and / or another communication protocol. The 1924 duplexer / diplexer assembly transfers the first modulated signal in the first spectral segment to the 1930 transceiver for direct communication with one or more mobile communication devices in the range of the 1804A communication node as a free space wireless signal. In various modalities, the 1930 transceiver is implanted by means of an analog circuitry that merely provides: filtration to pass the spectrum of the downlink channels and the uplink channels of modulated signals in their original / native frequency bands while attenuating signals out of band, power amplification, transmitting / receiving switching, duplexing, diplexing and impedance matching to drive one or more antennas that send and receive the 1810 wireless interface signals.
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112/189 [0223] In other modalities, the 1932 transceiver is configured to perform the frequency conversion of the first modulated signal in the first spectral segment to the first modulated signal to a first carrier frequency based, in various modalities, on a processing analog signal strength of the first modulated signal without modifying the signaling protocol of the first modulated signal. The first signal modulated on the first carrier frequency can occupy one or more frequency channels of a 1906 downlink spectral segment. The first carrier frequency can be in a microwave or millimeter wave frequency band. As used herein, analog signal processing includes filtering, switching, duplexing, diplexing, amplifying, converting to a higher and lower frequency, and other analog processing that does not require digital signal processing, including, but not limited to , analog to digital conversion, digital to analog conversion, or digital frequency conversion. In other embodiments, the 1932 transceiver can be configured to perform the frequency conversion of the first modulated signal in the first spectral segment to the first carrier frequency by applying digital signal processing to the first modulated signal without using any form of signal processing. analog signal and without modifying the signaling protocol of the first modulated signal. In yet other modalities, the 1932 transceiver can be configured to perform the frequency conversion of the first modulated signal in the first spectral segment to the first frequency of
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113/189 carrier by applying a combination of digital signal processing and analog processing to the first modulated signal and without modifying the signaling protocol of the first modulated signal.
[0224] The 1932 transceiver can be additionally configured to transmit one or more control channels, one or more corresponding reference signals, such as pilot signals or other reference signals, and / or one or more clock signals together with the first signal modulated at the first carrier frequency to a network element of the distributed antenna system, such as one or more communication nodes downstream 1904B to 1904E, for wireless distribution of the first modulated signal to one or more other mobile communication devices, once which is converted into frequency by the network element for the first spectral segment. In particular, the reference signal enables the network element to reduce a phase error (and / or other forms of signal distortion) during the processing of the first signal modulated from the first carrier frequency to the first spectral segment. The control channel can include instructions for directing the communication node of the distributed antenna system to convert the first modulated signal on the first carrier frequency to the first modulated signal on the first spectral segment, to control frequency selections and reuse patterns, transfer and / or other control signaling. In modalities where the instructions transmitted and received through the control channel are digital signals, the 1932 transceiver may include a digital signal processing component that provides conversion from analog to
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114/189 digital, conversion from digital to analog and which processes the digital data sent and / or received through the control channel. The clock signals provided with the downlink spectral segment 1906 can be used to synchronize the digital control channel processing timing by the downstream communication nodes 1904B to 1904E to retrieve the control channel instructions and / or to provide other timing signals.
[0225] In several embodiments, the 1932 transceiver can receive a second signal modulated on a second carrier frequency from a network element, such as a 1804B to 1804E communication node. The second modulated signal may include one or more frequency uplink channels occupied by one or more modulated signals that conform to a signaling protocol, such as an LTE or other 4G wireless protocol, a 5G wireless communication protocol, a ultra-broadband protocol, an 802.11 or other wireless local area network protocol and / or other communication protocol. In particular, the mobile or stationary communication device generates the second modulated signal in a second spectral segment as an original / native frequency band and the network element frequency converts the second modulated signal in the second spectral segment to the second modulated signal in the second carrier frequency and transmits the second modulated signal on the second carrier frequency as received by communication node 1804A. The 1932 transceiver operates to convert the second modulated signal on the second carrier frequency to the second modulated signal on the second spectral segment and sends the second modulated signal on the second spectral segment, for example.
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115/189 medium from the duplexer / diplexer assembly 1924 and base station interface 1922, to a base station, such as base station 1802, for processing.
[0226] Consider the following examples where the 1804A communication node is deployed in a distributed antenna system. The frequency uplink channels in a 1910 uplink spectral segment and frequency downlink channels in a 1906 downlink spectral segment can be occupied with modulated signals and otherwise formatted according to a DOCSIS 2.0 or higher standard, a WiMAX standard protocol, an ultra-broadband protocol, an 802.11 standard protocol, a 4G or 5G voice and data protocol, such as an LTE protocol and / or other standard communication protocol. In addition to protocols that conform to current standards, any of these protocols can be modified to operate in combination with the system of FIG. 18A. For example, an 802.11 protocol or other protocol can be modified to include additional guidelines and / or a separate data channel to provide collision / multiple access detection over a wider area (for example, allowing network elements or communication devices communicatively coupled to the network elements that are in communication by means of a particular frequency channel of a downlink spectral segment 1906 or upstream spectral segment 1910 to listen to each other). In various embodiments, all frequency uplink channels of the uplink spectral segment 1910 and frequency downlink channel of the downlink spectral segment 1906 can be formatted according to
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116/189 the same communications protocol. However, in the alternative, two or more different protocols can be employed in both the 1910 uplink spectral segment and the 1906 downlink spectral segment to be, for example, compatible with a wider range of client devices and / or operate on different frequency bands.
[0227] When two or more different protocols are employed, a first subset of the frequency downlink channels of the 1906 downlink spectral segment can be modulated according to a first standard protocol and a second subset of the frequency downlink channels of the 1906 downlink spectral segment can be modulated according to a second standard protocol that differs from the first standard protocol. Similarly, a first subset of the frequency uplink channels of the uplink spectral segment 1910 can be received by the system for demodulation according to the first standard protocol and a second subset of the frequency uplink channels of the spectral segment of uplink. uplink 1910 can be received according to a second standard protocol for demodulation according to the second standard protocol which differs from the first standard protocol.
[0228] According to these examples, the 1922 base station interface can be configured to receive modulated signals, such as one or more downlink channels in its original / native frequency bands of a base station, as a base macrostation 1802 or another element of
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117/189 communications network. Similarly, the base station interface 1922 can be configured to provide modulated base station signals received from another network element that are converted into frequency for modulated signals that have one or more uplink channels in their bands. original / native frequency. A 1922 base station interface can be deployed via a wired or wireless interface that communicates communication signals bidirectionally, such as uplink and downlink channels in their original / native frequency bands, control signals communication and other network signaling with a base macrostation or other network element. The duplexer / diplexer 1924 set is configured to transfer the downlink channels in their original / native frequency bands to the 1932 transceiver whose frequency converts the frequency of the downlink channels from their original / native frequency bands to the 1810 interface frequency spectrum - in this case, a wireless communication link used to carry the communication signals downstream to one or more other communication nodes 1804B to 1804E of the distributed antenna system in range of the 1804A communication device.
[0229] In several modalities, the 1932 transceiver includes an analog radio that converts downlink channel signals into frequency in their original / native frequency bands by mixing or other heterodyne action to generate converted downlink channel signals. in frequency occupying frequency downlink channels of the spectral link segment
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118/189 downlink 1906. In this illustration, the downlink spectral segment 1906 is in the downlink frequency band of 1810. In one embodiment, the downlink channel signals are converted to a higher value than their original frequency bands / native for a 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 60 GHz, 70 GHz, or 80 GHz band from the 1906 downlink spectral segment for wireless line-of-sight communications to one or more other 1804B to 1804E communication nodes. It is noted, however, that other frequency bands can be used in the same way for a 1906 downlink spectral segment (for example, 3 GHz to 5 GHz). For example, the 1932 transceiver can be configured to convert to a lower value of one or more downlink channel signals in their original / native spectral bands in cases where the frequency band of the 1810 interface is below the original spectral bands / native to one or more downlink channel signals.
[0230] The 1932 transceiver can be coupled to multiple individual antennas, such as antennas 1822 shown in combination with FIG. 18D, to communicate with the communication nodes 1804B, a phase or directional beam antenna array or multiple beam antenna system to communicate with multiple devices in different locations. The 1924 duplexer / diplexer set may include a duplexer, triplexer, divider, switch, router and / or other set that operates as a duplexer channel to provide bidirectional communications over multiple communication paths through one or more
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119/189 original / native spectral segments of the uplink and downlink channels.
[0231] In addition to forwarding modulated signals converted downstream frequency to other communication nodes 1804B to 1804E at a carrier frequency that differs from their original / native spectral bands, the communication node 1804A can also communicate all or a selected portion of unmodified modulated signals from their original / native spectral bands to client devices in a wireless communication range of the 1804A communication node via the 1811 wireless interface. The 1924 duplexer / diplexer set transfers the modulated signals in their spectral bands original / native to the 1930 transceiver. The 1930 transceiver may include a channel selection filter for selecting one or more downlink channels and a power amplifier coupled to one or more antennas, such as antennas 1824 shown in combination with FIG. 18D, for transmission of the downlink channels via wireless interface 1811 to mobile or fixed wireless devices.
[0232] In addition to downlink communications intended for client devices, communication node 1804A can operate in a reciprocal manner to handle uplink communications that also originate from client devices. In operation, the 1932 transceiver receives the uplink channels in the uplink spectral segment 1910 from communication nodes 1804B to 1804E through the interface uplink spectrum 1810. The frequency uplink channels in the spectral segment of uplink
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120/189
1910 include modulated signals that were converted into frequency by communication nodes 1804B to 1804E from their original / native spectral bands for the frequency uplink channels of the 1910 uplink spectral segment. In situations where the 1810 interface operates in a higher frequency band than the native / original spectral segments of the modulated signals provided by the client devices, the 1932 transceiver converts the converted modulated signals to a higher value for their original frequency bands to a lower value. However, in situations where the 1810 interface operates in a lower frequency band than the native / original spectral segments of the modulated signals provided by the client devices, the 1932 transceiver converts the converted modulated signals to a lower value to a higher value. to their original frequency bands. In addition, the 1930 transceiver operates to receive all or selected of the modulated signals in their original / native frequency bands from client devices via the 1811 wireless interface. The 1924 duplexer / diplexer set transfers the modulated signals in their frequency bands. original / native frequencies received via the transceiver 1930 to the base station interface 1922 to be sent to base station 1802 or another network element of a communications network. Similarly, the modulated signals that occupy frequency uplink channels in a 1910 uplink spectral segment that are converted into frequency to their original / native frequency bands by the 1932 transceiver
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121/189 are provided for the duplexer / diplexer assembly 1924 for transfer to the base station interface 1922 to be sent to base station 1802 or another network element of a communications network.
[0233] Now returning to Figure 19C, a 1935 block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting modality of a communication node is shown. In particular, the communication node device such as 1804B, 1804C, 1804D or 1804E communication node of a radio distributed antenna system includes transceiver 1933, duplexer / diplexer set 1924, amplifier 1938 and two transceivers 1936A and 1936B.
[0234] In several modalities, the 1936A transceiver receives, from a 1804A communication node or an upstream communication node 1804B to 1804E, a first signal modulated to a first carrier frequency corresponding to the placement of the channels of the first modulated signal in the converted spectrum of the distributed antenna system (for example, frequency channels of one or more 1906 downlink spectral segments). The first modulated signal includes first communications data provided by a base station and directed to a mobile communication device. The 1936A transceiver is additionally configured to receive, from a 1804A communication node, one or more control channels and one or more corresponding reference signals, such as pilot signals or other reference signals, and / or one or more clock signals associated with the first signal modulated on the first carrier frequency. The first modulated signal can include one or more downlink communication channels that conform to a
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122/189 signaling protocol, such as an LTE or other 4G wireless protocol, a 5G wireless communication protocol, an ultra-broadband protocol, a WiMAX protocol, an 802.11 or other wireless local area network protocol and / or other communication protocol.
[0235] As previously discussed, the reference signal enables the network element to reduce a phase error (and / or other forms of signal distortion) during the processing of the first signal modulated from the first carrier frequency to the first spectral segment (that is, the original / native spectrum). The control channel includes instructions to direct the communication node of the distributed antenna system to convert the first modulated signal on the first carrier frequency to the first modulated signal on the first spectral segment, to control the frequency selections and patterns of reuse, transfer and / or other control signaling. The clock signals can synchronize the digital control channel processing timing by the communication nodes 1804B to 1804E to retrieve the control channel instructions and / or to provide other timing signals.
[0236] The 1938 amplifier can be a bidirectional amplifier that amplifies the first modulated signal on the first carrier frequency together with the reference signals, control channels and / or clock signals to be coupled via the 1924 duplexer / diplexer set to the 1936B transceiver, which in this illustration serves as a repeater for retransmitting the first amplified modulated signal on the first carrier frequency along with the
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123/189 reference signals, control channels and / or clock signals for one or more other communication nodes 1804B to 1804E which are downstream of the communication node 1804B to 1804E which is shown and which operates in a similar manner.
[0237] The first modulated signal amplified on the first carrier frequency together with the reference signals, control channels and / or clock signals are also coupled via the 1924 duplexer / diplexer assembly to the 1933 transceiver. The 1933 transceiver performs the digital signal processing in the control channel to retrieve instructions, as in the form of digital data, from the control channel. The clock signal is used to synchronize the timing of the digital control channel processing. The transceiver 1933 then performs the frequency conversion of the first modulated signal on the first carrier frequency to the first modulated signal on the first spectral segment according to the instructions and based on an analog (and / or digital) signal processing of the first modulated signal and using the reference signal to reduce distortion during the conversion process. The 1933 wireless transceiver transmits the first modulated signal in the first spectral segment for direct communication with one or more mobile communication devices in the range of the communication node 1804B to 1804E as free space wireless signals.
[0238] In various embodiments, the 1936B transceiver receives a second signal modulated at a second carrier frequency on a 1910 uplink spectral segment from other network elements, such as one or more other communication nodes 1804B to 1804E that are downstream of the
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124/189 communication 1804B to 1804E which is shown. The second modulated signal may include one or more uplink communication channels that conform to a signaling protocol, such as an LTE or other 4G wireless protocol, a 5G wireless communication protocol, an ultra-broadband protocol, an 802.11 or other wireless local area network protocol and / or other communication protocol. In particular, one or more mobile communication devices generate the second signal modulated in a second spectral segment, such as an original / native frequency band and the downstream network element performs the frequency conversion in the second signal modulated in the second spectral segment for the second signal modulated on the second carrier frequency and transmits the second signal modulated on the second carrier frequency on an uplink spectral segment 1910 as received by the communication node 1804B to 1804E shown. The 1936B transceiver operates to send the second modulated signal on the second carrier frequency to the 1938 amplifier, via the 1924 duplexer / diplexer assembly, for amplification and retransmission via the 1936A transceiver back to the 1804A communication node or nodes. 1804B upstream communication to 1804E for additional retransmission back to a base station, such as base 1802 macrostation, for processing.
[0239] The 1933 transceiver can also receive a second signal modulated in the second spectral segment from one or more mobile communication devices in the range of the communication node 1804B to 1804E. The 1933 transceiver operates to perform frequency conversion on the second modulated signal
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125/189 in the second spectral segment for the second signal modulated on the second carrier frequency, for example, under control of the instructions received through the control channel, inserts the reference signals, control channels and / or clock signals for use communication node 1804A in the conversion of the second modulated signal back to the original / native spectral segments and sending the second modulated signal in the second carrier frequency, through the 1924 duplexer / diplexer and amplifier 1938, to the 1936A transceiver for amplification and retransmission back to communication node 1804A or upstream communication nodes 1804B to 1804E for additional retransmission back to a base station, such as 1802 base macrostation, for processing.
[0240] Turning now to Figure 19D, a 1940 graphic diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting modality of a frequency spectrum is shown. In particular, a 1942 spectrum is shown for a distributed antenna system that carries modulated signals that occupy frequency channels of a 1906 downlink segment or 1910 uplink spectral segment after being converted to frequency (for example, by means of conversion to a higher value or conversion to a lower value) of one or more original / native spectral segments in the 1942 spectrum.
[0241] In the example shown, the downstream channel band (downlink) 1944 includes a plurality of downstream frequency channels represented by separate downlink spectral segments 1906. Similarly, the upstream channel band (uplink) )
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126/189
1946 includes a plurality of upstream frequency channels represented by separate uplink spectral segments 1910. The spectral formats of the separate spectral segments are intended to be placeholders for the frequency allocation of each modulated signal together with the reference signals, control channels and associated clock signals. The actual spectral response of each frequency channel in a 1906 downlink spectral segment or 1910 uplink spectral segment will vary based on the protocol and modulation employed and additionally as a function of time.
[0242] The number of the 1910 uplink spectral segments may be less than or greater than the number of the 1906 uplink spectral segments according to an asymmetric communication system. In that case, the upstream channel band 1946 may be narrower or wider than the downstream channel band 1944. Alternatively, the number of the uplink spectral segments 1910 can be equal to the number of the downlink spectral segments 1906 in the event that a symmetric communication system is implemented. In that case, the width of the upstream channel band 1946 can be equal to the width of the downstream channel band 1944 and positive justification or other data loading techniques can be employed to compensate for variations in upstream traffic. Although the downstream channel band 1944 is shown at a lower frequency than the upstream channel band 1946, in other embodiments, the downstream channel band 1844 may be at a higher frequency than the downstream channel band. amount 1946. In addition, the number of
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127/189 spectral segments and their respective frequency positions in the 1942 spectrum can change dynamically over time. For example, a general control channel may be provided in the 1942 spectrum (not shown) that indicates for communication nodes 1804 the frequency position of each 1906 downlink spectral segment and each 1910 uplink spectral segment. traffic, or network requirements requiring bandwidth reallocation, the number of downlink spectral segments 1906 and upstream spectral segments 1910 can be changed via the general control channel. In addition, the downlink spectral segments 1906 and the downlink spectral segments 1910 should not be grouped separately. For example, a general control channel can identify a downlink spectral segment 1906 followed by an upstream spectral segment 1910 in an alternating manner, or in any other combination that may or may not be symmetric. It is further noted that, instead of using one general control channel, multiple control channels can be used, each identifying the frequency position of one or more spectral segments and the type of spectral segment (ie uplink) or downlink).
[0243] Additionally, while the downstream channel band 1944 and the upstream channel band 1946 are shown as occupants of a simple contiguous frequency band, in other modalities, two or more channel bands upstream and / or two or more downstream channel bands can be
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128/189 employed, depending on the available spectrum and / or the communication standards employed. The frequency channels of the 1910 uplink spectral segments and the 1906 downlink spectral segments can be occupied by frequency-converted signals modulated and formatted according to a DOCSIS 2.0 or higher standard protocol, a WiMAX standard protocol, an ultra-wideband protocol , an 802.11 standard protocol, a 4G or 5G voice and data protocol, such as an LTE protocol and / or other standard communication protocol. In addition to protocols that conform to current standards, any of these protocols can be modified to operate in combination with the system shown. For example, an 802.11 protocol or other protocol can be modified to include additional guidelines and / or a separate data channel to provide collision detection / multiple access over a wider area (for example, allowing devices that are communicating through of a particular frequency channel are heard). In various embodiments, all frequency uplink channels of the uplink spectral segments 1910 and downlink frequency channel of the downlink spectral segments 1906 are all formatted according to the same communications protocol. However, in the alternative, two or more different protocols can be employed both on the frequency uplink channels of one or more spectral uplink segments 1910 and on the frequency downlink channels of one or more spectral downlink segments 1906 for be, for example,
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129/189 compatible with a wider range of client devices and / or operating in different frequency bands.
[0244] It should be noted that the modulated signals can be assembled from different original / native spectral segments for aggregation in the 1942 spectrum. In this way, a first portion of frequency uplink channels from a 1910 uplink spectral segment can be adjacent to a second portion of frequency uplink channels of the uplink spectral segment 1910 that have been converted to frequency from one or more different original / native spectral segments. Similarly, a first portion of frequency downlink channels of a downlink spectral segment 1906 may be adjacent to a second portion of frequency downlink channels of downlink spectral segment 1906 that have been frequency converted from one or more different original / native spectral segments. For example, one or more 802.11 2.4 GHz channels that have been converted to frequency may be adjacent to one or more 802.11 5.8 GHz channels that have also been converted to frequency in a 1942 spectrum that is centered at 80 GHz. It should be noted that each spectral segment can have an associated reference signal, such as a pilot signal that can be used to generate a local oscillator signal at a frequency and phase that provide frequency conversion for one or more frequency channels of that spectral segment from its placement on the 1942 spectrum back to its original / native spectral segment.
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130/189 [0245] Turning now to FIG. 19E, a 1950 graphic diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting modality of a frequency spectrum is shown. In particular, a spectral segment selection is presented as discussed in combination with signal processing performed on the spectral segment selected by communication node 1930 transceivers 1840A or communication node 1932 transceiver 1804B to 1804E. As shown, a particular uplink frequency portion 1958 including one of the uplink spectral segments 1910 of the uplink frequency channel band 1946 and a particular downlink frequency portion 1956 including one of the spectral downlink segments 1906 downlink channel frequency band 1944 is selected to be passed through channel selection filtering, with the remaining portions of uplink frequency channel band 1946 and downlink channel frequency band 1944 filtered i.e. attenuated, in order to mitigate adverse effects of processing the desired frequency channels that are passed through the transceiver. It should be noted that, while a single particular uplink spectral segment 1910 and a particular downlink spectral segment 1906 are shown as selected, two or more spectral uplink and / or downlink segments can be passed in other embodiments.
[0246] Although the 1930 and 1932 transceivers can operate based on static channel filters with the uplink and downlink frequency portions 1958 and 1956 fixed, as previously discussed, the
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131/189 instructions sent to the 1930 and 1932 transceivers through the control channel can be used to dynamically configure the 1930 and 1932 transceivers for a particular frequency selection. In this way, frequency channels upstream and downstream of corresponding spectral segments can be dynamically allocated to various communication nodes by the base 1802 macrostation or another network element of a network communication to optimize performance by the distributed antenna system.
[0247] Now, with reference to FIG. 19F, a 1960 graphic diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting modality of a frequency spectrum is shown. In particular, a 1962 spectrum is shown for a distributed antenna system that carries modulated signals that occupy frequency channels of uplink or downlink spectral segments after they have been converted to frequency (for example, by converting to a higher value or conversion to a lower value) from one or more original / native spectral segments in the 1962 spectrum.
[0248] As previously discussed, two or more different communication protocols can be used to communicate data upstream and downstream. When two or more different protocols are employed, a first subset of the frequency downlink channels of a 1906 downlink spectral segment can be occupied by frequency-modulated signals according to a first standard protocol and a second subset of the frequency channels. frequency downlink or a downlink spectral segment
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132/189 different 1910 can be occupied by frequency-modulated signals according to a second standard protocol that differs from the first standard protocol. Similarly, a first subset of the frequency uplink channels of a 1910 uplink spectral segment can be received by the system for demodulation according to the first standard protocol and a second subset of the frequency uplink channels of the spectral segment same or different uplink 1910 can be received according to a second standard protocol for demodulation according to the second standard protocol which differs from the first standard protocol.
[0249] In the example shown, the downstream channel band 1944 includes a first plurality of downstream spectral segments represented by separate spectral formats of a first type representing the use of a first communication protocol. The downstream channel band 1944 'includes a second plurality of downstream spectral segments represented by separate spectral formats of a second type representing the use of a second communication protocol. Similarly, the upstream channel band 1946 'includes a first plurality of upstream spectral segments represented by separate spectral formats of the first type representing the use of the first communication protocol. The upstream channel band 1946 includes a second plurality of upstream spectral segments represented by separate spectral formats of the second type representing the use of the second communication protocol. These separate spectral formats are intended to be spaces reserved for the allocation of
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133/189 frequency of each individual spectral segment together with reference signals, control channels and / or associated clock signals. Although the individual channel bandwidth is shown to be strictly the same for first and second type channels, it should be noted that upstream and downstream channel bands 1944, 1944 ', 1946 and 1946' can be of bandwidth many different. In addition, the spectral segments in these channel bands of the first and second types can be of different band lengths, depending on the available spectrum and / or the communication standards employed.
[0250] Turning now to FIG. 19G, a graphic diagram 1970 illustrating an exemplary non-limiting modality of a frequency spectrum is shown. In particular, a portion of the 1942 or 1962 spectrum of FIGs. 19D to 19F is shown for a distributed antenna system that carries signals modulated in the form of channel signals that have been converted to frequency (for example, by converting to a higher value or converting to a lower value) from one or more original / native spectral segments.
[0251] The 1972 portion includes a downlink portion or uplink spectral segment 1906 and 1910 that is represented by a spectral format and that represents a portion of the bandwidth taken out for a control channel, reference signal, and / or clock signal. The 1974 spectral format, for example, represents a control channel that is separate from the 1979 reference signal and a 1978 clock signal. It should be noted that the 1978 clock signal is shown in a spectral format that represents a sinusoidal signal that may need
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134/189 conditioning in the form of a more traditional clock signal. However, in other modalities, a traditional clock signal can be sent as a modulated carrier wave, such as by modulating the 1979 reference signal through amplitude modulation or another modulation technique that preserves the carrier phase for use as a phase reference. In other embodiments, the clock signal can be transmitted by modulating another carrier wave or as another signal. Additionally, it is noted that both the 1978 clock signal and the 1979 reference signal are shown as outside the 1974 control channel frequency band.
[0252] In another example, the 1975 portion includes a downlink portion or uplink spectral segment 1906 and 1910 that is represented by a portion of a spectral shape that represents a portion of the bandwidth taken out for a control channel , reference signal, and / or clock signal. The 1976 spectral format represents a control channel that has instructions that include digital data that modulate the reference signal, through amplitude modulation, amplitude shift manipulation, or another modulation technique that preserves the carrier phase for use as a phase reference. The 1978 clock signal is shown as out of the 1976 spectral format frequency band. The reference signal, being modulated by the control channel instructions, is in effect from a subcarrier of the control channel and is in band to the control channel. control. Again, the 1978 clock signal is shown in a spectral format that represents a sinusoidal signal, however, in
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135/189 other modes, a traditional clock signal can be sent as a modulated carrier wave or other signal. In that case, the control channel instructions can be used to modulate the 1978 clock signal instead of the reference signal.
[0253] Consider the following example, where the 1976 control channel is ported by modulating a reference signal in the form of a continuous wave (CW) from which the phase distortion at the receiver is corrected during the frequency conversion of the downlink or uplink spectral segment 1906 and 1910 back to its original / native spectral segment. The 1976 control channel can be modulated with robust modulation, such as pulse amplitude modulation, binary phase shift manipulation, amplitude shift manipulation, or other modulation scheme to carry instructions between network elements of the distributed antenna system such as network operations, administration and management traffic and other control data. In several modalities, the control data can include without limitation:
• Status information that indicates the online status, offline status, and network performance parameters for each network element.
Network device information, such as module and address names, hardware and software versions, device capabilities, etc.
Spectral information such as frequency factors, channel spacing, protection bands, uplink / link allocations
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136/189 downlink, uplink and downlink channel selections, etc.
• Environmental measurements, such as weather conditions, image data, power outage information, line of vision blocks, etc.
[0254] In an additional example, the control channel data can be sent by means of ultra wide band (UWB) signaling. The data control channel can be transmitted by generating radio energy at specific time intervals and occupying a larger bandwidth, through time or pulse-position modulation, encoding the polarity or amplitude of the UWB pulses and / or using orthogonal pulses. In particular, UWB pulses can be sent sporadically at relatively low pulse rates to support modulation of time or position, but they can also be sent at rates up to the inverse of the UWB pulse bandwidth. In this way, the control channel can be spread over a UWB spectrum with relatively low power, and without interfering with the CW transmissions of the reference signal and / or clock signal that can occupy band portions of the UWB spectrum of the control channel. control.
[0255] Turning now to FIG. 19H, a 1980 block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting modality of a transmitter is shown. In particular, a 1982 transmitter is shown for use with, for example, a 1981 receiver and a 1995 digital control channel processor on a transceiver, such as the 1933 transceiver shown in combination with FIG. 19C. As shown, the 1982 transmitter includes a 1986 analog front-end,
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137/189 1989 clock, a 1992 local oscillator, a 1996 mixer, and a 1984 transmitter front end.
[0256] The first modulated signal amplified on the first carrier frequency together with the reference signals, control channels and / or clock signals are coupled from the 1938 amplifier to the 1986 analog front end. The 1986 analog front end includes one or more filters or other frequency selection to separate the 1987 control channel signal, a 1978 clock reference signal, a 1991 pilot signal, and one or more selected channel signals 1994.
[0257] The 1995 digital control channel processor performs digital signal processing on the control channel to retrieve instructions, such as by demodulating digital control channel data, from the 1987 control channel signal. clock signal generator 1989 generates clock signal 1990, from clock reference signal 1978, to synchronize the digital control channel processing timing by the 1995 digital control channel processor. 1978 clock reference is a sinusoid, the 1989 clock signal generator can provide the amplification and limitation to create a traditional clock signal or other timing signal from the sinusoid. In embodiments where the 1978 clock reference signal is a modulated carrier signal, such as a reference or pilot signal modulation or other carrier wave, the 1989 clock signal generator can provide demodulation to create a clock signal traditional or other timing signal.
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138/189 [0258] In several modalities, the 1987 control channel signal can be a digitally modulated signal in a frequency range separate from the pilot signal 1991 and the clock reference 1988 or as a modulation of the pilot signal 1991. In operation, the 1995 digital control channel processor provides demodulation of the 1987 control channel signal to extract the instructions contained therein in order to generate a 1993 control signal. In particular, the 1993 control signal generated by the control channel processor digital 1995 in response to instructions received via the control channel can be used to select the particular 1994 channel signals together with the corresponding pilot signal 1991 and / or 1988 clock reference to be used to convert the 1994 channel signal frequencies for transmission via the 1811 wireless interface. It should be noted that, in circumstances where the 1987 control channel signal carries the ins instructions by modulating the 1991 pilot signal, the 1991 pilot signal can be extracted using the 1995 digital control channel processor instead of the 1986 analog front end as shown.
[0259] The 1995 digital control channel processor can be deployed via a processing module, such as a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable port arrangement, logic device programmable, state machine, logic circuit set, digital circuit set, an analog to digital converter, a digital to analog converter and / or any device that handles signals (analog and / or digital) based on automation of the
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139/189 set of circuits and / or operational instructions. The processing module may be, or additionally include, memory and / or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and / or a built-in circuitry of another processing module , module, processing circuit and / or processing unit. Such a memory device can be read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and / or any device that stores digital information. Note that if the processing module includes more than one processing device, the processing devices can be centrally located (for example, coupled directly together via a wired and / or wireless bus structure) or can be located in a distributed manner (for example, cloud computing through indirect coupling through a local area network and / or a wide area network). Also note that the memory and / or memory element that stores the corresponding operating instructions can be incorporated, or external, to the microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable port arrangement, programmable logic, state machine, logical circuitry, digital circuitry, an analog to digital converter, a digital to analog converter, or other device. Also note that the memory element can store, and
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140/189 the processing module executes, automated and / or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and / or functions described in this document and such memory device or memory element can be implanted as an article of manufacture.
[0260] The 1992 local oscillator generates the 1997 local oscillator signal using the 1991 pilot signal to reduce distortion during the frequency conversion process. In various embodiments, the pilot signal 1991 is at the correct frequency and the phase of the local oscillator signal 1997 to generate the local oscillator signal 1997 at the appropriate frequency and phase to convert the 1994 channel signals to the carrier frequency associated with their placement on the spectrum of the antenna system distributed to its original / native spectral segments for transmission to mobile or fixed communication devices. In this case, the 1992 local oscillator may employ bandpass filtering and / or other signal conditioning to generate a 1997 sinusoidal local oscillator signal that preserves the 1991 pilot signal frequency and phase. In other embodiments, the 1991 pilot signal has a frequency and phase that can be used to derive the 1997 local oscillator signal. In this case, the 1992 local oscillator employs frequency division, frequency multiplications or other frequency synthesis, based on the 1991 pilot signal, to generate the local oscillator signal 1997 at the appropriate frequency and phase to convert the 1994 channel signals to the carrier frequency associated with their placement in the spectrum of the distributed antenna system for their original / native spectral segments
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141/189 for transmission to mobile or fixed communication devices.
[0261] 0 mixer 1996 opera with base at the sign of local oscillator 1997 to move the signals in 1994 channel in frequency to generate the signals in channel converted into frequency 1998 in their segmentsspectral
corresponding original / native. While a single mixing stage is shown, multiple mixing stages can be employed to shift the signals from channel to baseband and / or one or more intermediate frequencies as part of the full frequency conversion. The transmitting front-end (Xmtr) 1984 includes a power amplifier and impedance matching to wirelessly transmit the 1998 frequency-converted channel signals as free space wireless signals via one or more antennas, such as 1824 antennas , for one or more mobile or fixed communication devices within the range of communication node 1804B to 1804E.
[0262] Turning now to FIG. 191, a 1985 block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a receiver is shown. In particular, a 1981 receiver is shown for use with, for example, a 1982 transmitter and a 1995 digital control channel processor in a transceiver, such as transceiver 1933 shown in combination with FIG. 19C. As shown, the 1981 receiver includes an analog receiver front end (RCVR) 1983, local oscillator 1992, and mixer 1996. The 1995 digital control channel processor operates under control of the control channel instructions to generate the pilot signal
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1991, 1987 control channel signal and 1978 clock reference signal.
[0263] The 1993 control signal generated by the 1995 digital control channel processor in response to instructions received via the control channel can also be used to select the particular 1994 channel signals together with the corresponding pilot signal 1991 and / or 1988 clock reference to be used to convert the frequencies of 1994 channel signals for reception via the 1811 wireless interface. The 1983 analog receiver front end includes a low-noise amplifier and one or more filters or other frequency selection for receive one or more signals from selected 1994 channels under control of the 1993 control signal.
[0264] The 1992 local oscillator generates the 1997 local oscillator signal using the 1991 pilot signal to reduce distortion during the frequency conversion process. In various modalities, the local oscillator employs bandpass filtering and / or other signal conditioning, frequency division, frequency multiplication or other frequency synthesis, based on the pilot signal 1991, to generate the local oscillator signal 1997 at appropriate frequency and phase to convert 1994 channel signals, pilot signal 1991, control channel signal 1987 and clock reference signal 1978 to the spectrum of the distributed antenna system for transmission to other communication nodes 1804A a 1804E. In particular, the mixer 1996 operates based on the local oscillator signal 1997 to shift the 1994 channel signals in frequency to generate the channel signals converted to 1998 frequency in the placement
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143/189 desired in the spectral segment of the spectrum of the distributed antenna system for coupling to the 1938 amplifier, to the 1936A transceiver for amplification and retransmission via the 1936A transceiver back to communication node 1804A or upstream communication nodes 1804B to 1804E for additional retransmission back to a base station, such as 1802 base macrostation, for processing. Again, while a single mixing stage is shown, multiple mixing stages can be employed to shift the signals from channel to baseband and / or one or more intermediate frequencies as part of the full frequency conversion.
[0265] Moving now to FIG. 20A, an illustrated diagram of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of coupler 2000 is shown according to various aspects described in this document. In particular, the coupler 2000 provides an additional example of a coupling device that can be used to launch and / or receive guided electromagnetic waves in a guided wave communication system, such as the guided wave communication system 100 or another communication system guided wave described in this document.
[0266] The coupler 2000 includes a metallic housing made of a top section 2002 and a bottom section 2004 with flanges 2003 that can be connected via screws or other connectors. When connected, the top and bottom sections form a cylinder that azimuthally surrounds a 2006 transmission medium such as a bare or insulated wire or other guided wave transmission means that includes a conductor. The metallic enclosure can be composed of metal
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144/189 such as brass, copper, tin, aluminum or other metals. Alternatively, the metallic shell can be composed of plastic, resin or other non-metallic solids with a metallic or conductive covering on the inner surface of the top section 2002 and the bottom section 2004. Although the coupler 2000 is shown with a cross section internal elliptical shape, other elliptical shapes, a circular shape, or other shapes can also be employed.
[0267] The metallic housing can be filled in whole or in part with a dielectric material inside the metallic housing that supports the coupler 2000 in a coaxial position with the transmission medium 2006, for example, on the central axis of the metallic housing. The dielectric 2008 can be composed of low density dielectric foam, plastic, Teflon or other dielectric materials. Although shown as a solid, the 2008 dielectric can be in the form of rings, spokes and other shapes in order to support the coupler 2000 in a coaxial position with the 2006 transmission medium.
[0268] Coupler 2000 operates in combination with a transmitter configured to generate a radio frequency signal in a 2006 transmission medium. In particular, the transmitter forms a launch circuit with the transmission medium. The coupler 2000 launches the radio frequency signal from a 2005 hole in the cylindrical coupler as a 2007 guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of the 2006 transmission medium, where the 2007 guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the external surface of the transmission medium without an electrical return path. The 2000 coupler additionally includes a
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145/189 reflective plate 2010 which has a metallic surface that operates as a reflector to guide the 2007 electromagnetic wave guided to the 2005 orifice for propagation in a desired longitudinal direction along the outer surface of the 2006 transmission medium. operates to reduce electromagnetic emissions in the opposite direction. In several modalities, the reflective plate 2010 can be composed of metal such as brass, copper, tin, aluminum or other metals. Alternatively, the reflective plate 2010 can be composed of plastic, resin or other non-metallic solids with a metallic or conductive covering.
[0269] In several modalities, the 2007 guided electromagnetic wave has a predominant transverse magnetic mode such as TMoo or other fundamental modes, however, other types of mode are also possible. Although the use of an elliptical shaped coupler to launch a 2007 guided electromagnetic wave with a circular cross-section like TMoo may introduce some additional loss when compared to a similar coupler with a complete circular cross-section, this additional loss can be as small as 0 , 5 dB, depending on frequency, wire configuration and coupler size. Additional examples that include various functions and optional features are presented in combination with FIGs. 20B to 20P that follow.
[0270] Moving now to FIG. 20B, a schematic block diagram 2025 of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a guided wave communication system is shown in accordance with various aspects described in the present document. As discussed in combination with FIG. 20A, the coupler 2000 operates in combination with a transmitter
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2018 which is configured to generate an RF signal that conducts data in the 2006 transmission medium. The 2018 transmitter, together with one or more circuit elements that have a Zi impedance, are electrically coupled to the 2006 transmission medium - forming a circuit launching 2016 with the 2006 transmission medium which includes an electrical return path through circuit earth.
[0271] In several modalities, the impedance Zi is selected to match the impedance of the coupler 2000 at the fundamental frequency of the guided electromagnetic wave 2007 to maximize the power transfer of the 2018 transmitter. It should be noted that the 2000 couplers operating at different frequencies and that have configurations can have different characteristic impedances. Consider an example of a 2000 coupler with a circular cross-section and a diameter of 30.48 cm (12 inches) and operating at a fundamental frequency of 7 GHz. The impedance of the 2000 coupler is 212 ohms with a capacitance of 0.0362 pF and an inductance of 0.0133 μΗ. The choice of Zi impedance to match the capacitive and inductive component allows the 2018 transmitter to trigger a resistive load, which maximizes power transfer.
[0272] In particular, the RF signal from the 2018 transmitter is coupled to the 2006 transmission line within the 2000 coupler to launch the guided electromagnetic wave 2007 which is connected to an external surface of the 2006 transmission medium. Although the 2016 launch circuit include an electrical return path via circuit earth, the 2007 guided electromagnetic wave propagates across the surface
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147/189 external of the transmission medium in the indicated direction without an electrical return path.
[0273] Although previously discussed in combination with a transmit configuration, coupler 2000 can also be used in a receive configuration. In the system shown, a guided wave launcher 2026 with coupler 2000 and launch circuit 2016 generates the guided electromagnetic wave 2007 which is connected to an external surface of the transmission medium 2006 towards a second guided wave launcher 2026 'which operates as receiving device. The guided wave launcher 2026 'includes a coupler 2000' and reception circuit 2020 that operate in a reciprocal manner to the guided wave launcher 2026 to receive the guided electromagnetic wave 2007 from the 2006 transmission medium.
[0274] In several embodiments, coupler 2000 'operates in combination with a 2022 receiver that is configured to receive an RF signal that conducts data in the 2006 transmission medium. The 2022 receiver, together with one or more circuit elements that have an impedance Z ₂ , are electrically coupled to the transmission medium 2006 forming the reception circuit 2020 with the transmission medium 2006 which includes an electrical return path through circuit earth. In particular, the guided electromagnetic wave 2007 received by the coupler 2000 'is converted to an RF signal by the receiving circuit 2020. In this way, data can be conducted from the transmitter 2018 to the receiver 2022, via the guided electromagnetic wave 2007.
[0275] In several modalities, the impedance Z ₂ is selected to match the impedance of the coupler 2000 'in
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148/189 fundamental frequency of the 2007 guided electromagnetic wave to maximize the power transfer to the 2022 receiver. If the couplers 2000 and 2000 'share the same configuration, then the impedance of the receiving circuit 2020, Z2, is equal to Zi.
[0276] Moving now to FIG. 20C, a schematic block diagram 2028 of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a circuit is shown according to various aspects described in the present document. A matching impedance 2024, such as impedance Zi or Z2, is shown in combination with a circuit that includes elements previously discussed and referred to by common reference numbers.
[0277] In several modalities, the matching impedance 2024 can be selected to match the impedance of the coupler 2000 or 2000 'at the fundamental frequency of the guided electromagnetic wave 2007 to maximize the power transfer from the 2018 transmitter or to the 2022 receiver. Consider again an example of a 2000 or 2000 'coupler with a circular cross-section and a diameter of 30.48 cm (12 inches) with a fundamental frequency of 7 GHz. The impedance of the coupler is 212 ohms with a capacitance of 0.0362 pF and an inductance of 0.0133 μΗ. The choice of inductance L, such as 0.0133 μΗ and capacitance, C, as 0.0362 pF maximizes the power transfer from the 2018 transmitter or to the 2022 receiver. It should be noted that, although a particular L network circuit configuration for match impedance 2024 is shown, other network configurations
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149/189 correspondences that include a π network configuration can also be used.
[0278] Moving now to FIG. 20D, a schematic block diagram 2030 of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a guided wave communication system is shown in accordance with various aspects described in the present document. While previous examples focused on unidirectional guided electromagnetic wave communication, the example shown includes two 2026 'guided wave launchers, each with a 2032 launch circuit that has a 2034 transceiver and a Zi impedance. In particular, transceiver 2034 may include both a 2018 transmitter and a 2022 receiver, as described above, to facilitate bidirectional communications that are multiplexed by time division, multiplexed by frequency division, multiplexed by mode division or operate in
combination with another technique in multiple access to share the medium transmission 2006.[0279] Passing now to the FIG. 20E, a
illustrated diagram 2035 of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a cross-sectional view of a top portion 2004 of a metallic enclosure according to various aspects described in the present document. When not specified, dimensions are shown in inches. In this example, the top portion 2004 of coupler 2000 or 2000 'is constructed of the 12 gauge brass sheet with a thickness of 0.21 cm (0.0808 inch). The shape is a shape of a substantially elliptical iris with the top portions having a wide circular shape and with the edges close to the 2003 flanges modified with a smaller circular curvature in order to
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150/189 have a perpendicular corner on the 2003 flange. In particular, the shape of the top portion 2004 deviates from a true elliptical shape 2036 by no more than 5% of the maximum radius. It should be noted that the design shown can also be used to implant the bottom 2002 portion of the metallic coupler housing 2000. Although a particular shape is shown, other shapes including circular and true elliptical shapes can also be implanted.
[0280] Now, with reference to Figures 20F and 20G, graphical diagrams 2038 and 2040 are shown of exemplary non-limiting modalities of a longitudinal view of an electromagnetic wave guided according to various aspects described in this document. In particular, FIG. 20F presents a simulated view of the electric field strength of a 2007 guided electromagnetic wave with a fundamental frequency of 7 GHz which is connected by and propagates via a TMoo way over a 20 meter transmission medium implanted like a wire isolated. The guided electromagnetic wave 2007 is launched and received by the couplers 2000 and 2000 'with a circular cross-section of 30.48 cm (12 inches). FIG. 20G shows an expanded view of the electric field strength. As shown, there is virtually no field strength in the 2044 wire and some field strength in the 2042 wire insulation. Most of the field strength is in the area outside the 2006 transmission medium, allowing for low loss propagation.
[0281] Moving now to FIG. 20H, a 2045 graphic diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of an azimuth view of a wave is shown
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151/189 guided electromagnetic according to several aspects described in this document. In particular, a simulated view of the electric field strength of a 2007 guided electromagnetic wave with a fundamental frequency of 7 GHz is shown, which is connected by and propagates via a TMoo way over a 2006 transmission medium implanted as a insulated wire. The guided electromagnetic wave 2007 is launched by the coupler 2000 with a circular cross-section of 30.48 cm (12 inches). As shown, the field pattern is azimuthally symmetrical, with most of the field strength in the area outside the 2006 transmission medium, allowing for low loss propagation.
[0282] Moving now to FIG. 201, a 2050 graphic diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of loss of propagation is shown according to various aspects described in the present document. In particular, while the previous simulations focused on a fundamental frequency of 7 GHz, the present propagation loss simulation is shown as a fundamental frequency function for a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected by and propagates via a TMoo way to the along a 20-meter transmission medium implanted as an insulated wire.
[0283] Moving now to FIG. 20J, a 2060 graphic diagram of an exemplary non-limiting modality of loss of propagation is shown according to various aspects described in the present document. In particular, while previous simulations focused on the use of a 30.48 cm (12 inch) circular coupler, the present propagation loss simulation for various circular coupler sizes is shown as a fundamental frequency function
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152/189 for a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected by and propagates via a TMoo way over a 10 meter transmission medium implanted as a bare wire. In particular, 2062 are results for a 30.48 cm (12 inch) circular coupler, 2064 are results for a 22.86 cm (9 inch) circular coupler, 2066 are results for a 15.24 cm circular coupler ( 6 inches) and 2068 are results for a 7.62 cm (3 inch) circular coupler.
[0284] Now, with reference to Figures 20K and 20L, illustrated diagrams 2070 and 2079 are shown of exemplary non-limiting modalities of a flat ribbon antenna according to various aspects described in this document. In particular, a 2070 flat ribbon antenna is configured to send a radio frequency signal as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of a 2072 transmission medium, so that the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the external surface of the transmission medium without an electrical return path. The 2072 transmission medium can be a bare wire or an insulated wire or any other transmission medium described herein.
[0285] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 20K, the 2070 flat ribbon antenna is deployed in a microfiche antenna configuration that includes a 2076 flat antenna portion not coaxially aligned with a 2075 longitudinal axis of the 2072 transmission medium. The 2076 flat antenna portion is coupled to a transceiver (not shown) via the 2074 power line to send and receive RF signals. The 2070 flat ribbon antenna additionally includes a flat portion
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153/189 grounded 2073 substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 2077 of the flat antenna portion 2076 and / or the feed line 2074 and the longitudinal axis 2075 of the transmission medium 2072. A substrate 2078 supports the flat antenna portion 2076 and / or the power line 2074 and electrically isolate the flat antenna portion 2076 and / or the power line 2074 from the flat grounded portion 2073. The flat grounded portion 2073, the flat antenna portion
2076 and / or the 2074 power line can be formed by metallic layers or other conductors.
[0286] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 20L, the flat ribbon antenna 2070 is still not coaxially aligned with a longitudinal axis 2075 of the transmission medium 2072, however in a different orientation. In particular, the longitudinal axis
2077 of the flat antenna portion 2076 and / or the power line 2074 is aligned perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 2075 of the transmission medium 2072. The flat ribbon antenna 2070 additionally includes a flat grounded portion 2073 substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 2077 of the flat antenna portion 2076 and / or the power line 2074 and the longitudinal axis 2075 of the transmission medium. In this configuration, the perpendicular alignment of the flat antenna portion 2076 and the flat grounded portion 2073 promotes the launch of the radio frequency signal as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of a 2072 transmission medium-propagating to upwards in the orientation shown, while minimizing emissions in the opposite direction.
[0287] Although the 2070 flat ribbon antenna has been described primarily in terms of transmission, the antenna
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154/189 2070 flat ribbon can be used to receive guided electromagnetic waves that are attached to the outer surface of the 2072 transmission medium in a reciprocal manner. It should be noted that the dimensions of the 2072 transmission medium and the components of the 2070 and 2080 flat ribbon antennas are for illustrative purposes and that the other dimensions can be used, particularly based on the size of the transmission medium and the frequency of transmission / reception employed. In addition, the rectangular shape and dimensions of the 2076 flat antenna portion are shown for illustrative purposes and may vary to include other rectangular shapes, and other geometric shapes, both simple and complex. [0288] Moving now to FIG. 20M, an illustrated diagram 2080 of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a flat ribbon antenna according to various aspects described in this document is shown. In particular, a 2080 flat ribbon antenna is configured to send a radio frequency signal as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of a 2072 transmission medium, so that the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the external surface of the transmission medium without an electrical return path.
[0289] In the embodiment shown, the 2080 flat ribbon antenna is deployed in a ribbon line antenna configuration that includes a 2076 flat antenna portion not coaxially aligned with a 2075 longitudinal axis of the 2072 transmission medium. The antenna portion plane 2076 is coupled to a transceiver (not shown) via power line 2074 to send and receive RF signals. The ribbon antenna
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155/189 flat 2080 additionally includes parallel grounded flat portions 2082 substantially parallel to longitudinal axis 2075 of transmission medium 2072 and substantially parallel to longitudinal axis 2083 of flat antenna portion 2076 and / or feed line 2074. A substrate 2078 supports the flat antenna portion 2076 and / or the power line 2074 between the parallel grounded flat portions 2082 while electrically insulating the flat antenna portion 2076 and / or the power line 2074 from the parallel grounded flat portions 2082. The parallel grounded flat portions 2082, the flat antenna portion 2076 and / or the power line 2074 may be formed of metallic layers or other conductors.
[0290] Although the 2080 flat ribbon antenna has been described primarily in terms of transmission, the 2080 flat ribbon antenna can be used to receive guided electromagnetic waves that are connected to the outer surface of the 2072 transmission medium in a reciprocal manner. Furthermore, the flat ribbon antenna 2080 can still be non-coaxially aligned with a longitudinal axis 2075 of the transmission medium 2072, but placed in different orientations, including an orientation in which the longitudinal axis 2083 of the flat antenna portion 2076 is perpendicular to the axis longitudinal 2075 of the transmission medium 2072.
[0291] Moving now to FIG. 20N, a schematic block diagram 2085 of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a launching device according to various aspects described in this document is shown. The 2034 transceiver includes a transmitter configured to generate a radio frequency signal in, for example, a
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156/189 microwave frequency band or other non-optical frequencies. A 2086 flat ribbon antenna, such as the 2070 or 2080 flat ribbon antenna or other flat ribbon antennas, is configured to launch the radio frequency signal as a 2087 guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an outer surface of a medium of transmission 2072. As previously discussed, the guided electromagnetic wave 2087 propagates along the outer surface of the transmission medium 2072 without an electrical return path. The Z4 impedance is included to electrically couple the transceiver 2034 to the flat ribbon antenna and optionally to provide impedance matching between the 2086 flat ribbon antenna and the 2034 transceiver.
[0292] Although the 2086 flat ribbon antenna has been described above in terms of transmission, the 2086 flat ribbon antenna can be used to receive guided electromagnetic waves that are connected to the outer surface of the 2072 transmission medium in a reciprocal manner. In particular, RF signals generated by the 2086 flat ribbon antenna during reception are electrically coupled to a receiver included in the transceiver 2034 to, for example, extract data conducted by the guided electromagnetic wave 2087.
[0293] Moving now to FIG. 200, a schematic block diagram 2089 of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a guided wave launcher is shown in accordance with various aspects described in the present document. A configuration is shown in which the launch device 2088 can be used in combination with a coupler 2000, instead of the launch circuit 2032.
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157/189 [0294] In particular, a 2026 '' guided wave launcher includes a coupler 2000 that surrounds a portion of a 2006 transmission medium. A 2086 flat ribbon antenna, such as the 2070 or 2080 flat ribbon antenna or others flat ribbon antennas, receives a radio frequency signal from the 2034 transceiver via impedance Z4 and radiates the RF signal into the coupler 2000. The coupler 2000 launches the radio frequency signal from a hole in the coupler as a 2007 guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of the 2006 transmission medium. The 2007 guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the external surface of the transmission medium without an electrical return path.
[0295] As previously discussed, the metallic housing of the coupler 2000 can be filled in whole or in part with a dielectric material inside the metallic housing that supports the coupler 2000 in a coaxial position with the 2006 transmission medium. The dielectric can be composed of low density dielectric foam, plastic, Teflon or other dielectric materials that also support the flat ribbon antenna in a desired position and orientation in relation to the 2006 transmission medium and inside the 2000 coupler, in order to promote the launch of guided electromagnetic waves 2007.
[0296] Although the 2026 '' guided wave launcher has been described above in terms of transmission, the 2026 '' guided wave launcher can be used to receive guided electromagnetic waves that are attached to the outer surface of the 2006 transmission medium in a reciprocal manner.
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In particular, RF signals generated by the 2086 flat ribbon antenna during reception are electrically coupled to a receiver included in the 2034 transceiver to, for example, extract data conducted by the 2007 guided electromagnetic wave.
[0297] Turning now to FIG. 20P, a 2090 flow chart of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a method, is shown. In particular, a method is presented for use with one or more functions and features presented in combination with Figures 1 to 19 and 20A to 200. Step 2092 includes generating a radio frequency signal on a transmission medium via a launch circuit which includes the transmission medium, wherein the launch circuit includes an electrical return path. Step 2094 includes launching the radio frequency signal from a hole in a cylindrical coupler as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an outer surface of the transmission medium, where the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the outer surface transmission medium without an electrical return path.
[0298] Now returning to FIG. 20Q, a 2095 flowchart of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a method, is shown. In particular, a method is presented for use with one or more functions and features presented in combination with Figures 1 to 19 and 20A to 20P. Step 2096 includes generating a radio frequency signal. Step 2098 includes launching the radio frequency signal via a flat ribbon antenna as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of the transmission medium, where the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the surface
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159/189 external of the transmission medium without an electrical return path.
[0299] Although, for the sake of simplicity of explanation, the respective processes are shown and described as a series of blocks in FIGs. 20P and 20Q, it should be understood and recognized that the matter under discussion is not limited by the order of the blocks, since some blocks may occur in different orders and / or simultaneously with other blocks in relation to what is represented and described here . In addition, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methods described in this document.
[0300] With reference now to Figure 21, a block diagram of a computing environment is illustrated according to the various aspects described here. To provide additional context for various modalities within the modalities described in this document, FIG. 21 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief overview of a suitable 2100 computing environment in which the various modalities of the disclosure under discussion can be implemented. Although the modalities have been described above in the general context of computer executable instructions that can be executed on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the modalities can also be implemented in conjunction with other program modules and / or as a combination of hardware and software.
[0301] Program modules generally comprise routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., which perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Furthermore, experts in
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160/189 technicians will recognize that inventive methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, comprising single-processor or multi-processor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, portable computing devices, programmable consumer electronics or based on a microprocessor, and the like, each can be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices.
[0302] As used herein, a processing circuit includes a processor, as well as other specific application circuits, such as specific application integrated circuit, digital logic circuit, state machine, programmable port arrangement or other circuit that processes data or input signals and that produces data or output signals in response to this. It should be noted that any functions and features described here in connection with the operation of a processor can also be performed by a processing circuit.
[0303] The terms first, second, third and so on, as used in the claims, unless clarified otherwise in the context, are intended for clarity only and do not indicate or otherwise imply any order in time. For example, a first determination, a second determination and a third determination do not indicate or imply that the first determination must be made before the second determination, or vice versa, etc.
[0304] The illustrated modalities of the modalities here can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by
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161/189 remote processing devices that are connected via a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located on both local and remote memory storage devices.
[0305] Typically, computing devices comprise a variety of media, which may comprise computer-readable storage media and / or communications media, in which the two terms are used here differently from each other as follows. Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media that can be accessed by the computer and comprise both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. As an example, and without limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storing information, such as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured data or unstructured data.
[0306] Computer-readable storage media may comprise, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM - Read Only Memory), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disc - read-only memory (CD-ROM - Compact Disc Read-Only Memory), digital versatile disc (DVD - Digital Versatile Disk) or other optical disk storage, magnetic tapes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or others
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162/189 magnetic storage devices or other tangible and / or non-transitory media that can be used to store desired information. In this regard, tangible or non-transitory terms in this document as applied to storage, memory or computer-readable media must be understood as excluding only transitory signs that propagate by themselves as modifiers and not renouncing everyone's rights. the means of storage, memory or computer readable that are not just transitory signals that propagate by themselves.
[0307] Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, p. eg, via access requests, queries or other data recovery protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the information stored by the medium.
[0308] The means of communication typically incorporate computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data into a data signal, such as a modulated data signal, e.g. a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and comprise any means of delivering or transporting information. The term modulated data signal, or signals, refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics defined or changed in order to encode information into one or more signals. As an example, and not a limitation, the media comprises wired media, such as a wired network or connection
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163/189 with direct wire, and wireless media, such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.
[0309] Again in relation to FIG. 21, example environment 2100 for transmitting and receiving signals via, or forming at least part of, a base station (e.g., base station devices 1504, macrocell location 1502, or base stations 1614 ) or central office (e.g., central office 1501 or 1611). At least a portion of the sample environment 2100 can also be used for transmission devices 101 or 102. The sample environment can comprise a computer 2102, computer 2102 comprising a processing unit 2104, a system memory 2106 and a bus. system 2108. System bus 2108 couples system components including, but not limited to, system memory 2106 in processing unit 2104. Processing unit 2104 can be any of several commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multi-processor architectures can also be employed as the 2104 processing unit.
[0310] The 2108 system bus can be any one of several types of bus structure that can further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. System memory 2106 comprises ROM 2110 and RAM 2112. A basic input / output system (BIOS - Basic Input / Output System) can be stored in non-volatile memory, such as ROM, programmable read-only memory
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164/189 erasable (EPROM), EEPROM, in which the BIOS contains the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements inside the computer 2102, such as during startup. RAM 2112 can also comprise high-speed RAM, such as static RAM for caching data.
[0311] Computer 2102 also includes an internal hard disk drive (HDD - Hard Disk Drive) 2114 (eg EIDE, SATA), where the internal hard drive 2114 can also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD Floppy Disk Drive) 2116, (eg, to read or write to a removable floppy disk 2118) and an optical disk drive 2120, (eg. , read a 2122 CD-ROM disc or read from, or write to, other high-capacity optical media, such as DVD). The hard disk drive 2114, the magnetic disk drive 2116, and the optical disk drive 2120 can be connected to system bus 2108 by a hard disk interface 2124, a magnetic disk drive interface 2126, and an interface optical drive 2128, respectively. The 2124 interface for external unit implementations comprises at least one or both USB interface technologies (Universal Serial Bus) and Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 1394. Other external unit connection technologies are contemplated in the modalities described here.
[0312] The units and their associated computer-readable storage media provide non-volatile data storage, data structures, computer-executable instructions and so on. For computer 2102, the
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165/189 units and storage media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the description of computer-readable storage media above refers to a hard disk drive (HDD), a removable magnetic floppy disk and removable optical media, such as a CD or DVD, should be recognized by those skilled in the art that other types of storage media that are readable by a computer, such as zip drives (zip drives), magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges and the like, can also be used in the example operating environment and, furthermore, that any of these media storage methods may contain instructions executable by computer to perform the methods described here.
[0313] Several program modules can be stored on drives and RAM 2112 comprising an operating system 2130, one or more application programs 2132, other program modules 2134 and program data 2136. All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules and / or data can also be cached in RAM 2112. The systems and methods described here can be implemented using various commercially available operating systems or combinations of operating systems. Examples of 2132 application programs that can be implemented and otherwise executed by processing unit 2104 include determining the diversity selection made by the transmission device 101 or 102.
[0314] A user can enter commands and information on computer 2102 through one or more input devices
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166/189 wired / wireless, p. eg, a 2138 keyboard and a pointing device, such as a 2140 mouse. Other input devices (not shown) may comprise a microphone, an infrared (IR) remote control, a joystick, a video game controller, a stylus , touchscreen or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to processing unit 2104 via an input device interface 2142 that can be coupled to system bus 2108, but can be connected via other interfaces, such as a parallel port, a IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB (Universal Serial Bus) port, an IR interface, etc.
[0315] A 2144 monitor or other type of display device can also be connected to system bus 2108 via an interface, such as a 2146 video adapter. It will also be recognized that in alternative modes, a 2144 monitor can also be any display device (eg, another computer having a display, a smartphone, a tablet, etc.) for receiving display information associated with computer 2102 via any means of communication, including via networks Internet and cloud-based. In addition to the 2144 monitor, a computer typically comprises other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.
[0316] Computer 2102 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wired and / or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer (s) 2148. The (s) ) computer (s)
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167/189 remote (s) 2148 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, a portable computer, a microprocessor-based entertainment device, a peer device or another common network node and typically comprises (m) many or all of the elements described in relation to computer 2102, although, for the sake of brevity, only one 2150 memory / storage device is illustrated. local (LAN) 2152 and / or larger networks, p. eg, a wide area network (WAN) 2154. These LAN and WAN network environments are common in offices and businesses and facilitate corporate computer networks, such as intranets, where all can connect to a global communications network , P. eg the Internet.
[0317] When used in a LAN network environment, computer 2102 can be connected to the local 2152 network via a wired and / or wireless 2156 network interface or adapter. The 2156 adapter can facilitate wired communication or wireless to LAN 2152, which may also comprise a wireless AP there arranged to communicate with the wireless adapter 2156.
[0318] When used in a WAN network environment, computer 2102 may comprise a 2158 modem or may be connected to a communications server on WAN 2154, or has other means of establishing communications over WAN 2154, such as through Internet. The 2158 modem, which can be internal or external and a wired or wireless device, can be connected to system bus 2108 via the 2142 input device interface.
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168/189 program modules represented in relation to computer 2102 or portions thereof may be stored on the remote memory / storage device 2150. It will be recognized that the network connections shown are an example, and other means of establishing a connection can be used. communications link between computers.
[0319] Computer 2102 may be operable to communicate with any wireless devices or entities operatively arranged in wireless communication, p. a printer, scanner, desktop and / or laptop computer, portable data assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable identification (e.g., a kiosk, a newsstand, a bathroom) and telephone. This can comprise Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. In this way, communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices.
[0320] Wi-Fi can enable Internet connection from a sofa in a residence, a bed in a hotel room or a conference room at work, wirelessly. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in a cell phone that allows these devices, e.g. eg, computers, send and receive data in a closed place and outdoors; anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, n, ac, ag, etc.) to provide secure, reliable and fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet and to networks
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169/189 wired (which can use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operate on unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands, for example, or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so that networks can provide real performance similar to Ethernet networks basic lOBaseT cables used in many offices.
[0321] FIG. 22 presents an example modality 2200 of a mobile network platform 2210 that can implement and explore one or more aspects of the revealed discussion material described in this document. In one or more embodiments, the mobile network platform 2210 can generate and receive signals transmitted and received by base stations (eg, base station devices 1504, macrocell location 1502 or base stations 1614), central office (eg, head office 1501 or 1611) or transmission device 101 or 102 associated with the matter under discussion revealed. Generally, the 2210 wireless network platform may comprise components, e.g. nodes, gateway, interfaces, servers or disparate platforms that facilitate packet-switched traffic (eg, Internet Protocol (IP), Frame Relay, asynchronous transfer (ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode)) and circuit switching (CS - CircuitSwitched) (eg, voice and data), as well as generation of control for wireless network telecommunication. As a non-limiting example, the 2210 wireless network platform can be included in telecommunications carrier networks, and can be considered carrier-side components as discussed elsewhere in this document. The 2210 mobile network platform comprises CS gateway node (s)
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2222 that can (m) interact with CS traffic received from legacy networks such as 2240 telephone network (s) (eg, public switched telephone network (RPTC) or public land mobile network (PLMN - Public Land Mobile Network)) or a signaling system network 7 (SS7) 2270. The circuit switching gateway node (s) 2222 can authorize and authenticate traffic (eg, voice) arising from these networks. Additionally, the CS 2222 gateway node (s) can access mobility data, or roaming, generated by the SS7 2270 network; for example, mobility data stored in a Visitor Location Register (VLR), which can reside in memory 2230. In addition, the gateway node (s) CS 2222 interact (m ) with CS-based traffic and signaling and PS 2218 gateway node (s). As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, the CS 2222 gateway node (s) can be perceived at least in part in the gateway GPRS support node (s) (GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node (s)). It should be recognized that the specific functionality and operation of the CS 2222 gateway node (s), PS 2218 gateway node (s) and 2216 service node (s) are provided and dictated by technology ( s) of radio used by the 2210 mobile network platform for telecommunication.
[0322] In addition to the reception and processing of CS switching traffic and signaling, the PS 2218 gateway node (s) can authorize and authenticate PS-based data sessions with mobile devices served. Data sessions may comprise traffic, or content (s), exchanged with networks external to the 2210 wireless network platform, such as wide area network (s) (WANs) 2250, corporate network (s) 2270 and
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171/189 2280 service network (s) that can be incorporated into local area network (s) (LANs), and can also interact with the 2210 mobile network platform through the gateway node (s) PS 2218. It should be noted that WANs 2250 and corporate network (s) 2260 may incorporate, at least in part, one or more service networks as an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS - IP Multimedia Subsystem). Based on the radio technology layer (s) available on 2217 technology resource (s), the 2218 packet switching gateway node (s) can generate contexts packet data protocol when a data session is established; other data structures can also be generated that facilitate the routing of data in packets. To that end, in one respect, the PS 2218 gateway node (s) may comprise a tunnel interface (eg, Tunnel Termination Gateway (TTG) ) on 3GPP UMTS network (s) (not shown)) that can facilitate communication in packets with disparate wireless network (s), such as Wi-Fi networks.
[0323] In 2200 mode, a 2210 wireless network platform also comprises service node (s) 2216 which, based on the layer (s) of radio technology available in the resource (s) ) of technology 2217, conduct the various streams in packets of data streams received through the gateway node (s) PS 2218. It should be noted that for 2217 technology resource (s) it depends on essentially of CS communication, the server node (s) can deliver traffic without dependence on the gateway node (s) PS 2218; for example, the server node (s) may incorporate, at least in part, a switching center
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172/189 mobile. As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, the 2216 server node (s) can be incorporated into the service GPRS support node (s) (SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node (s)).
[0324] For radio technologies that exploit packet communication, the 2214 server (s) on the 2210 wireless network platform can run numerous applications that can generate multiple streams or streams of data in disparate packets and manage (eg, time, queue, format, ...) these flows. These application (s) may include supplementary features for standard services (for example, provisioning, billing, customer service,...) Provided by the 2210 wireless network platform. The data strings (p. eg, content (s) that are part of a voice call or data session) can be routed to the PS 2218 gateway node (s) for authorization / authentication and session initiation data, and up to service node (s) 2216 for communication thereafter. In addition to the application server, the 2214 server (s) may comprise a utility server (s), a utility server may comprise a provisioning server, an operations and maintenance server, a security that can at least partially implement a certification authority and firewalls, as well as other security mechanisms and the like. In one respect, the security server (s) ensures communication served over the 2210 wireless network platform to ensure network data operation and integrity in addition to authorization and authentication procedures that gateway node (s) CS 2222 and gateway node (s) PS 2218
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173/189 can put into practice. In addition, the provisioning server (s) may (s) provision services from external network (s) such as networks operated by a disparate service provider; for example, WAN 2250 or Global Positioning System (s) (not shown). The provisioning server (or servers) can also provision coverage over networks associated with the 2210 wireless network platform (for example, deployed and operated by the same service provider), such as the distributed antenna networks shown in Figures 1 (s ) that intensify wireless service coverage by providing more network coverage. Repeater devices, such as those shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9, also enhance network coverage in order to enhance the subscriber service experience through the UE 2275.
[0325] It should be noted that the 2214 server (or servers) can comprise one or more processors configured to provide at least partially the 2210 macro network platform functionality. To that end, one or more processors can execute code instructions stored in the memory 2230, for example. It should be recognized that the 2214 server (s) may comprise a 2215 content manager that operates in substantially the same manner as described earlier in this document.
[0326] In example mode 2200, memory 2230 can store information related to the operation of the 2210 wireless network platform. Other operational information may include provisioning information from mobile devices served through the platform network.
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 178/235
174/189 wireless 2210, subscriber databases; application intelligence, pricing schemes, for example, promotional fees, flat fee programs, coupon campaigns; technical specification (or specifications) consistent with telecommunication protocols for operating layers of radio technology, or triggered wireless; and so on. The 2230 memory can also store information from at least one between 2240 telephony network (s), 2250 WAN, 2270 corporate network (s) or 227 SS7 network. In one aspect, the 2230 memory can be, for example, example, accessed as part of a data storage component or as a remotely connected memory store.
[0327] To provide a context for the various aspects of the subject under discussion, FIG. 22 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief overview of a suitable environment in which the various aspects of the revealed discussion material can be implemented. Although the subject matter has been described above in the general context of computer executable instructions for a computer program that is executed on a computer and / or computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosed subject matter can also be implemented together with other program modules. Program modules generally comprise routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks and / or implement particular abstract data types.
[0328] FIG. 23 represents an illustrative embodiment of a communication device 2300. The communication device 2300 may serve as an illustrative embodiment
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 179/235
175/189 of devices, such as mobile devices and building devices referred to by the present disclosure (for example, in Figures 15, 16A and 16B).
[0329] The communication device 2300 may comprise a fixed and / or wireless transceiver 2302 (in this case, transceiver 2302), a user interface (UI - User Interface) 2304, a power supply 2314, a location receiver 2316 , a 2318 motion sensor, a 2320 orientation sensor and a 2306 controller for managing their operations. The 2302 transceiver can support short-range or long-range wireless access technologies, such as Bluetooth®, ZigBee®, WiFi, DECT, or cellular communication technologies, just to mention a few (Bluetooth® and ZigBee® are registered trademarks by Bluetooth® Special Interest Group and ZigBee® Alliance, respectively). Cellular technologies may include, for example, CDMA-1X, UMTS / HSDPA, GSM / GPRS, TDMA / EDGE, EV / DO, WiMAX, SDR, LTE, as well as other next generation wireless technologies as they are arising. The 2302 transceiver can also be adapted to support circuit-switched wireless access technologies (such as PSTN), packet-switched wireless access technologies (such as TCP / IP, VoIP, etc.) and combinations of same.
[0330] UI 2304 may include a numeric keypad that is touch-sensitive or can be pressed 2308 with a navigation mechanism, such as a roller bali pen, joystick, mouse, or navigation disc for manipulating device operations number 2300. The numeric keypad 2308 can be an integral part of a set
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 180/235
176/189 of boxes of the 2300 communication device or an independent device al operably coupled by a fixed fixed interface (such as a USB cable) or a wireless interface supporting for example Bluetooth®. The 2308 numeric keypad can represent a numeric keypad commonly used by telephones and / or a QWERTY numeric keypad with alphanumeric keys. UI 2304 can also include a 2310 display, such as monochrome or color LCD (Liquid Crystal display), OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) or other display technology suitable for conducting images up to an end user of the 2300 communication device. In a mode where the 2310 display is touch sensitive, a portion or all of the numeric keypad 2308 can be displayed via the 2310 display with navigation features.
[0331] The 2310 display can use touchscreen technology to also serve as a user interface for detecting user input. As a touch screen display, the 2300 communication device can be adapted to present a user interface having graphical user interface (GUI) elements that can be selected by a user with the touch of a finger. The 2310 touchscreen display can be equipped with capacitive, resistive or other forms of detection technology to detect how much of a user's finger surface area has been placed on a portion of the touchscreen display. This detection information can be used to control the manipulation of GUI elements or other functions of the user interface. The 2310 display can be a part of
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 181/235
177/189 part of a set of boxes of the 2300 communication device or an independent device connected there communicatively by a fixed fixed interface (such as a cable) or a wireless interface.
[0332] UI 2304 can also include a 2312 audio system that uses audio technology to conduct low volume audio (such as audio heard close to a human ear) and high volume audio (such as speakerphone for hands-free operation) ). The 2312 audio system may also include a microphone for receiving audible signals from an end user. The 2312 audio system can also be used for speech recognition applications. UI 2304 may also include a 2313 image sensor, such as a CCD Charge Coupled Device camera for capturing still or moving images.
[0333] The 2314 power supply can use common power management technologies, such as replaceable and rechargeable batteries, supply regulation technologies and / or charging system technologies to supply power to the 2300 communication device components for facilitate short-range and long-range portable communications. Alternatively, or together, the charging system can use external power sources, such as DC power provided on a physical interface, such as a USB port or other suitable tethering (link) technologies.
[0334] The 2316 location receiver can use location technology, such as a GPS capable global positioning system (GPS) receiver
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 182/235
178/189 assisted in the identification of a location of the 2300 communication device based on signals generated by a constellation of GPS satellites, which can be used to facilitate location services, such as navigation. The 2318 motion sensor can use motion detection technology, such as an accelerometer, gyroscope or other motion detection technology suitable for detecting movement of the 2300 communication device in three-dimensional space. The 2320 orientation sensor can use orientation detection technology, such as a magnetometer, to detect the orientation of the 2300 communication device (north, south, west and east, as well as combined orientations in degrees, minutes or other orientation metric proper).
[0335] The 2300 communication device can use the 2302 transceiver to also determine proximity to a cell phone, WiFi, Bluetooth® or other wireless access points by detecting techniques such as using a received signal strength indicator (RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indicator) and / or TOA Time of Arrival measurements of the signal or time of flight (TOF - Time of Flight). The 2306 controller can use computing technologies, such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP - Digital Signal Processor), programmable port arrangements, application-specific integrated circuits and / or a video processor with associated storage memory , such as Flash, ROM, RAM, SRAM, DRAM, or other storage technologies for executing computer instructions,
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 183/235
179/189 control and data processing provided by the components mentioned above of the 2300 communication device.
[0336] Other components not shown in FIG. 23 can be used in one or more modalities of the disclosure under discussion. For example, the 2300 communication device may include a slot for adding or removing an identity module, such as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card or Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) card. Universal Integrated Circuit). SIM or UICC cards can be used for identifying subscriber services, running programs, storing subscriber data, and so on.
[0337] In the specification under discussion, terms such as store, storage, data storage, data storage, database and substantially any other information storage component relevant to the operation and functionality of a component refer to components of memory or entities embedded in a memory or components comprising the memory. It will be recognized that the memory components described herein may be volatile memory or non-volatile memory, or may comprise both volatile and non-volatile memory, as an illustration, and not limitation, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, disk storage and memory storage. In addition, non-volatile memory can be included in read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM) or flash memory. Volatile memory can comprise random access memory (RAM) that acts
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 184/235
180/189 as external cache memory. As an illustration and not a limitation, RAM is available in many forms, such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), improved SDRAM ( ESDRAM), DRAM Synchlink (SLDRAM) and RAM Rambus Direct (DRRAM). In addition, the memory components disclosed of systems or methods herein are intended to comprise, without limitation, these and any other suitable types of memory.
[0338] Furthermore, it will be noted that the disclosed discussion material can be practiced with other computer system configurations comprising single processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputing devices, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, devices portable computing (eg, PDA, phone, smartphone, watch, tablets, netbooks, etc.), industrial or consumer electronics programmable or microprocessor-based, and the like. The illustrated aspects can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are connected via a communications network; however, some, if not all, aspects of the disclosure under discussion can be practiced on standalone computers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located on both local and remote memory storage devices.
[0339] Some of the modalities described here may also employ artificial intelligence (AI) to facilitate the automation of one or more particularities
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 185/235
181/189 described herein. For example, artificial intelligence can be used on the optional training controller 230 to evaluate and select candidate frequencies, modulation schemes, MIMO modes and / or guided wave modes in order to maximize transfer efficiency. The modalities (eg, in connection with the automatic identification of acquired cell sites that provide maximum value / benefit after addition to an existing communication network) may employ several AI-based schemes for carrying out various modalities. Furthermore, the classifier can be used to determine a classification or location priority for each cell in the acquired network. A classifier is a function that maps an input attribute vector, x = (xl, x2, x3, x4, ..., xn), with a confidence that the input belongs to a class, that is, f (x ) = confidence (class). This classification may employ an analysis with a probabilistic and / or statistical basis (eg, factoring in utilities and analysis costs) for the prognosis or inference of an action that a user wants to be automatically performed. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is an example of a classifier that can be used. SVM operates by finding a hypersurface in the space of possible entries, in which the hypersurface tries to divide the triggering criteria for non-triggering events. Intuitively, this makes the correct classification for testing data that is close to, but not identical to, training data. It is possible to employ other targeted and non-targeted model classification approaches comprising, p. eg, naive Bayes, Bayesian networks,
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 186/235
182/189 decision trees, neural networks, fuzzy logic models and probabilistic classification models providing different patterns of independence. The classification as used here is also inclusive of statistical regression that is used to develop priority models.
[0340] As will be readily recognized, one or more of the modalities may employ classifiers that are explicitly trained (eg, via generic training data), as well as implicitly trained (eg, by observing the EU behavior, operator preferences, historical information, reception of extrinsic information). For example, SVMs can be configured through a learning or training phase within a module for selecting particularities and classifiers / builders. In this way, the classifier (s) can be used to automatically learn and perform various functions, including, but not limited to, determining according to predetermined criteria whose acquired cell locations will benefit from a maximum number of subscribers and / or whose cell sites purchased will add a minimum amount to the coverage of the existing communication network, etc.
[0341] As used in some contexts in that application, in some embodiments, the terms component, system and the like are intended to refer to, or understand, an entity related to a computer or an entity related to an operating device with one or more specific features, in which the entity can be hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software or running software. As an example, a component can be, but not
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 187/235
183/189 is limited to being a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, instructions executable by a computer, a program and / or a computer. As an illustration and not a limitation, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and / or thread of execution and a component can be located on a computer and / or be distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer-readable media having several data structures stored there. Components can communicate via local and / or remote processes, such as according to a signal having one or more data packets (eg, data from a component interacting with another component on a local, distributed system and / or over a network, such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be a device with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by a set of electrical or electronic circuits that is operated by a software or firmware application run by a processor, where the processor can be internal or external relative to the device and runs at least part of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be a device that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, the electronic components may comprise a processor to run software or firmware that confers, at least in part, the functionality of the electronic components. Although several
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 188/235
184/189 components have been illustrated as separate components, it will be recognized that multiple components can be implemented as a single component, or a single component can be implemented as multiple components, without departing from the example modalities.
[0342] In addition, the various modalities can be implemented as a method, apparatus or article of manufacture using standard programming and / or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the material in revealed discussion. The term article of manufacture as used in this document is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device or computer-readable communications / storage media. For example, computer-readable storage media may include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage devices (eg, hard disk, floppy, magnetic strips), optical discs (eg, compact disc (CD ), digital versatile disc (DVD), smart cards and flash memory devices (eg card, flash drive, USB memory). Obviously, those skilled in the art will recognize that many changes can be made to this configuration without departing from the scope or spirit of the various modalities.
[0343] Furthermore, the words example and example are used in the present document with the meaning serving as an instance or illustration. Any modality or design described in this document as an example or example should not necessarily be interpreted
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 189/235
185/189 as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or other designs. Instead, the use of the word example or example is intended to present concepts in a concrete way. As used in this application, the term is either intended to mean one or even instead of one or exclusive. That is, unless otherwise specified or clear in the context, X employs A or B is intended to mean any of the inclusive natural permutations. That is, if X uses A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, so X employs A or B is satisfied under any of the above instances. In addition, the article a, as used in that application and the appended claims, should generally be interpreted as meaning one or more, unless otherwise specified or clear in context to be directed in a singular form.
[0344] Furthermore, terms such as user equipment, mobile station, mobile, subscriber station, access terminal, terminal, handset, mobile device (and / or terms representing similar terminology) may refer to a device without wire used by a subscriber or user of a wireless communication service to receive or conduct data, control, voice, video, sound, games or substantially any data stream or signal stream. The aforementioned terms are used here interchangeably and with reference to the related drawings.
[0345] Furthermore, the terms user, subscriber, customer, consumer and the like are used interchangeably throughout the document, unless the context guarantees particular distinctions between the terms. Must be
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 190/235
186/189 recognized that these terms may refer to human entities or automated components supported through artificial intelligence (eg, an ability to make inference based, at least, on complex mathematical formalisms), that may provide simulated vision, sound recognition and so on.
[0346] As used herein, the term processor can refer substantially to any computing processing device or unit comprising, but not limited to, single-core processors; unique processors capable of executing multiple software segments; multi-core processors; multi-core processors capable of running multiple software segments; multi-core processors with multi-segment hardware technology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory. In addition, a processor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate arrangement (FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array ), a programmable logic controller (PLC Programmable Logic Controller), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD - Complex Programmable Logic Device), a different transistor or port logic, different hardware components or any combination of them designed to perform the functions here described. Processors can explore nanoscale architectures, such as, but not limited to, transistors
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 191/235
187/189 molecular and quantum dot based, switches and ports, in order to optimize the use of space or improve the performance of user equipment. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.
[0347] As used herein, terms such as data storage, data storage, database and substantially any other information storage component relevant to the operation and functionality of a component refer to memory components or entities embedded in a memory or components comprising the memory. It will be recognized that the computer readable memory components or storage media described herein may be volatile memory or non-volatile memory or may include both volatile and non-volatile memory.
[0348] The above includes mere examples of various modalities. Obviously, it is not possible to describe each conceivable combination of components or methodologies for the purpose of describing these examples, but one skilled in the art may recognize that many other combinations and permutations of the present modalities are possible. Accordingly, the modalities disclosed and / or claimed herein are intended to cover all such changes, modifications and variations that are within the spirit and scope of the attached claims. Furthermore, since the
term ^v 'includes is used in the detailed description or in claims, that term intends to be inclusive in an way similar to term comprising, a turn what
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 192/235
188/189 comprising is interpreted when used as a transitional word in a claim.
[0349] In addition, a flowchart can include an indication start and / or continue. The start and continue indications reflect that the steps presented can be optionally incorporated into, or used in conjunction with, other routines. In this context, the beginning indicates the beginning of the first stage presented and may be preceded by other activities not shown specifically. In addition, the indication continue reflects that the steps presented can be performed multiple times and / or can be followed by other activities not specifically shown. Furthermore, although a flow chart indicates a particular ordering of steps, other orderings are also possible as long as the principles of causality are maintained.
[0350] As may also be used in this document, the terms operably coupled to, coupled to and / or coupling include direct coupling between items and / or indirect coupling between items via one or more intervening items. These intervening items and items include, but are not limited to, junctions, communication paths, components, circuit elements, circuits, function blocks and / or devices. As an example of indirect coupling, a signal conducted from a first item to a second item can be modified by one or more intervening items by modifying the shape, nature or format of information in a signal, whereas one or more elements of the information in the signal is however conducted in a way that can be recognized by the second item. In
Petition 870190075645, of 06/08/2019, p. 193/235
189/189 another example of indirect coupling, an action on the first item can cause a reaction on the second item as a result of actions and / or reactions on one or more intervening items.
[0351] Although specific modalities have been illustrated and described here, it must be recognized that any provision that achieves the same or similar purpose can be substituted for the modalities described or shown by the disclosure under discussion. The disclosure under discussion is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various modalities. The combinations of the above modalities, and other modalities not specifically described here, can be used in the disclosure under discussion. For example, one or more features of one or more modalities can be combined with one or more features of one or more modalities. In one or more modalities, the particularities that are positively recited can also be negatively recited and excluded from the modality with or without replacement by another structural and / or functional particularity. The steps or functions described with respect to the modalities of the disclosure under discussion can be carried out in any order. The steps or functions described with respect to the disclosure modalities under discussion can be performed alone or in conjunction with other disclosure stages or functions under discussion, as well as from other modalities or from other steps that were not described in the disclosure under discussion. In addition, more or less of all the particularities described with respect to a modality can also be used.

权利要求:
Claims (3)
[1]
1. Launching device characterized by the fact that it comprises:
a transmitter configured to generate a radio frequency signal in a microwave frequency band;
a metallic shell filled with a dielectric foam that supports that metallic shell in a coaxial position for a transmission medium; and a flat ribbon antenna, positioned inside the metal casing, configured to launch the radio frequency signal as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of the transmission medium, and in which the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the external surface of the transmission medium without an electrical return path.
2. Device Of launching, in wake up with The claim 1, characterized by the fact that the middle in transmission comprises at least one of: one bare wire or an insulated wire. 3. Device Of launching, in wake up with The claim 1, characterized by the fact in that the antenna in flat ribbon comprises a microfit antenna The.4. Device Of launching, in wake up with The claim 3, characterized by the fact in that the antenna in
The microfiche includes a flat antenna portion not coaxially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the transmission medium.
5. Launching device according to claim 4, characterized in that the flat antenna portion has a longitudinal axis that is substantially
Petition 870190039016, of 25/04/2019, p. 15/22
[2]
2/3 parallel to the longitudinal axis of the transmission medium.
6. Launching device, according to claim 4, characterized by the fact that the microfiche antenna also includes:
a flat portion connected to the ground substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the transmission means; and a substrate that supports the flat antenna portion and electrically isolates the flat antenna portion from the grounded flat portion.
7. Launching device according to claim 1, characterized in that the flat ribbon antenna comprises a ribbon line antenna.
8. Launching device according to claim 7, characterized in that the ribbon line antenna includes a flat antenna portion not coaxially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the transmission medium.
Launching device according to claim 8, characterized in that the flat antenna portion has a longitudinal axis that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the transmission medium.
10. Launching device according to claim 9, characterized by the fact that the ribbon line antenna also includes:
flat portions connected to the ground substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the transmission medium and substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the flat antenna portion; and a substrate that supports the flat antenna portion between the parallel grounded flat portions, where the
Petition 870190039016, of 25/04/2019, p. 16/22
[3]
3/3 flat antenna is electrically isolated from parallel flat grounded portions.
11. Method characterized by the fact that it comprises:
generate, through a transmitter, a radio frequency signal in a microwave frequency band;
support a metallic shell filled with a dielectric foam in a coaxial position in relation to a transmission medium; and launch, through a flat ribbon antenna, the radio frequency signal as a guided electromagnetic wave that is connected to an external surface of the transmission medium, and in which the guided electromagnetic wave propagates along the external surface of the medium transmission without an electrical return path.
12. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that the transmission means comprises at least one of: a bare wire or an insulated wire.
13. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that the flat ribbon antenna comprises a microfiche antenna.
14. Method according to claim 13, characterized in that the microfiche antenna includes a flat antenna portion not coaxially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the transmission medium.
15. Method according to claim 14, characterized in that the flat antenna portion has a longitudinal axis that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the transmission medium.

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法律状态:
2021-02-02| B11A| Dismissal acc. art.33 of ipl - examination not requested within 36 months of filing|

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2021-04-20| B11Y| Definitive dismissal - extension of time limit for request of examination expired [chapter 11.1.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-10-05| B350| Update of information on the portal [chapter 15.35 patent gazette]|

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US15/334,903|US10312567B2|2016-10-26|2016-10-26|Launcher with planar strip antenna and methods for use therewith|

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PCT/US2017/055546|WO2018080763A1|2016-10-26|2017-10-06|Launcher with planar strip antenna and methods for use therewith|

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